西方德性与幸福关系之辩及其当代启示

Debate on Relationship between Virtue and Happiness in West and Its Contemporary Revelation

从古希腊罗马开始,人们围绕着德性与幸福的关系便展开争论,并形成了两条思想路线。一条始于亚里士多德,斯多噶派的德性即幸福的路线,一条始于伊壁鸠鲁的幸福即德性的幸福主义、快乐主义路线。两条路线虽然相互竞争,但都共同强调幸福与德性的一致。竞争之处在于二者的立足点不同,一个以幸福为立足点去诠释德性,一个是以德性为立足点去诠释幸福。幸福即德性的路线被称之为经验主义路线,德性即幸福的路线被称之为唯理主义路线。康德扭转了德福一致的伦理学方向,认为幸福与快乐属于经验性的存在,任何经验性的存在都不具有普遍的必然性与有效性,并认为不幸的人未必无德,幸福的人未必有德,从而认为道德与幸福之间并无必然性的牵涉。马克思主义的历史观与道德观也认为,道德生成的基础是人们实际的经济关系,作为一种思想上层建筑是为一定的经济基础服务的,道德保障的是让人们过一种符合历史发展必然性要求的可能性生活,而不是一种快乐与幸福,或崇高与神圣的生活。

From ancient Greece and Rome,people began to argue about the relationship between virtue and happiness,and formed two ideological lines.One begins with Aristotle,a line that Stoicism＇s virtue is happiness.The other begins with Epicurus,a happy and joyful line that happiness is virtue.Although the two routes compete with each other,they all share the same emphasis on happiness and virtue.The competition is that the foothold of the two is not the same.One takes happiness as the foothold to interpret virtue while the other is to interpret happiness on the basis of virtue.The route that happiness is virtue is called the empirical route,the route that virtue is happiness is called the line of rationalism.Kant reversed the ethical direction of the unity of virtue and happiness.He believes that happiness and joy is an empirical existence,that any empirical existence does not have universal inevitability and validity,and that the unfortunate people may not be virtuous,happy people may not have virtue,so that there is no certainty between morality and happiness.Marxist view of history and morality also holds that the basis of moral generation is people＇s actual economic relations.As a kind of thought superstructure,it serves for a certain economic base.Morality guarantees people to live a life of possibility in accordance with the necessity of historical development,rather than a kind of happy and joyful,or a noble and sacred life.