2型糖尿病基础与遗传研究的进展

Recent basic and genetic research progress of type 2 diabetes

近2年来，2型糖尿病的基础与遗传研究领域取得了系列进展。越来越多的动物模型证据表明，长期的代谢压力能够促发胰岛β细胞去分化，使其回归前体细胞状态，并可向α细胞、PP细胞等其他内分泌细胞转分化；而调控这一过程的关键基因也被连续报道。调控外周组织胰岛素抵抗的关键因子也取得突破，比如新脂肪因子Asprosin的发现。此外，肠道菌群作为新的研究热点，与糖尿病和肥胖等代谢紊乱的关联以及关键致病或益生菌株也被大量发现，有可能协助预测糖尿病的诊疗与转归。在遗传研究领域，随着深度测序技术的推广，2型糖尿病及肥胖症的＂缺失＂遗传基础逐渐被揭示。国内外同行在上述领域也取得了较大的进步，对此，本文进行了简要综述。

In the past two years, a line of basic and genetic findings have been produced in the field of type 2 diabetes. Some evidence has suggested that mature β cell under long-term metabolic stress could de-differentiate into pre-endocrine cells and re-differentiate into α and PP endocrine cells. Several key factors were reported with genetic modified animal models in the past two years. A novel adipokine, Asprosin was found to control insulin resistance and food intake in both humans and mice. Additionally, researchers reported that gut microbiota was associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, and a few bacteria or certain enterotype could be valuable in the prediction of prevention and clinical intervention for diabetes. The genetic composition for missing heritability of type 2 diabetes and obesity was revealed with the next-generation sequencing strategy. Importantly, scientists at home and abroad made a significant progress in the field during the past few years, which should be reviewed here.