山西省近年审定小麦品种的综合性状分析

Analysis of Comprehensive Characteristics of Wheat Varieties Registered in Shanxi Province in Recent Years

为给小麦育种和生产提供借鉴,对2013-2017年山西省审定的41个小麦品种进行产量、品质与抗病性分析。结果表明,各麦区审定小麦品种平均产量年度间虽有波动,但总体均呈逐步上升趋势。南部水地和中部水地审定小麦品种产量三因素中穗数变异系数均为最大,南部旱地和中部旱地审定品种则是穗粒数变异系数均为最大,因此,水地小麦育种应在提高穗数的基础上,协调提高穗粒数和千粒重;旱地小麦育种应在提高穗粒数的基础上,提高穗数和千粒重。从品质类型看,强筋和中强筋小麦比例很少,中筋小麦比例较多,区组间品质差别较大,达标品种(包括强筋、中强筋和中筋)比例由高到低的顺序依次为南部水地>南部旱地>中部水地>中部旱地。审定品种的蛋白质和湿面筋含量指标均相对较高,但有61.0%的品种面团稳定时间较短,低于中筋小麦标准,故应把提高面团稳定时间作为品质育种的主攻方向。山西省近年审定品种总体的抗病性较差,没有兼抗两种病害的品种,条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病抗病品种占审定品种比例分别为2.4%、0和12.2%。需要引进抗病资源,同步提高产量和品质水平,培育优质、高产、多抗的小麦新品种。

In order to provide a theoretical basis for further wheat breeding and production, the yield, quality and disease resistance of 41 wheat cultivars registered in Shanxi Province from 2013 to 2017 were investigated. The results showed that the average yield showed a trend of increase annually in different groups, although there were some fluctuations among different years. The variation coefficient of spike number was the largest among the three factors of yield components in southern and central irrigated-land region, while the kernels per spike was the largest in southern and central dry-land region. Therefore, the breeding objectives of irrigated-land wheat should improve the kemels per spike and 1000-grain weight on the basis of increasing the number of spikes, while the number of spikes and 1000- grain weight should be improved on the basis of increasing the kernels per spike in dry-land wheat. For the quality of varieties, the percentage of medium gluten varieties was high, while those of strong gluten and medium- strong gluten were relatively low. The percentages of strong gluten, medium-strong gluten and medium gluten varieties in each group varied, and the order of the ratio reaching the wheat standard in each region from high to low was： Southern irrigated-land〉 Southern dry-land〉Central irrigated-land〉Central dry-land. The protein and wet gluten content index of the registered varieties were relatively high, but 61.0% of the varieties had shorter stable time, which was lower than the standard of the middle gluten wheat. The main direction of quality breeding should focuse on improving the stability time. The disease resistance of wheat varieties registered in Shanxi Province in recent years was poor, and the frequencies of resistant cultivars to wheat stripe rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew were 2.4%, 0 and 12.2%, respectively. There were no cultivars were resistant to two diseases. The breeding objective were to develop high quality, high yield and multiple disease resistance genes of wheat cultivars by introducing resistance sources and simultaneous improvement of yield and quality.