结建人防车库物权归属法律问题研究

The Legal Analysis of Residential-built Air Defense Project Ownership

结建人防工程是一种用较少的投资就能实现战备、社会、经济相互结合的人防工程建设模式,其在平时可以功能化为住宅小区的地下车库。但结建人防车库存在上位法未予明确、各地方立法存在分歧、法院司法判决不统一的法律困境,理论界的学者们亦持有不同的学说观点。应当正视结建人防工程中所包含的复杂利益关系,综合考量投资主体、土地分摊、开发商建设的积极性与业主需求,明确该物权的原始取得人为国家,但可以通过开发商缴交人防工程易地建设费后流转给非国有主体;在流转的第二阶段,应当将＂建筑成本是否分摊＂作为开发商抑或业主所有的判断标准;最后,若结建人防车库为业主共有,则可以借鉴我国台湾地区的＂分管契约＂设定车库的专用使用权,解决业主之间的权利冲突。只有如此＂分阶段所有＂的法律关系设计,方能保障结建人防车库的尽善利用。

The construction of residential-built air defense project is a kind of civil defense engineering construction mode that can realize the combat readiness,social functions and economy combination with less investment. It can be used as the underground garage in the residential district in peacetime. However,scholars in the theoretical circles hold different doctrines,the superior law of civil defense garage are not clear and there are different local legislations and the judicial judgments of courts are not unified. We should face up to the complex interests involved in the project,consider the investment subject,land allocation,developer＇s enthusiasm and the owner＇s demand comprehensively; it is clear that the original acquisition of the property right is the state,but it can be transferred to the non-state-owned entity after the developer pays the construction fee of the defense project. In the second stage of the circulation,whether the construction cost is apportioned should be regarded as the judgment standard of the ownership,to the developer or to the proprietor. Finally,if the ownership is to the latter,then people can learn from the management contract in Taiwan to set the special right of using the garage and resolving the owner＇s right conflict. Only in this way,can all phases of every legal relation be designed to ensure the best use of the residential-built air defense garage.