利用本土和外来植物修复“退塘还湿”鱼塘植物群落和改善水质的效果对比

Comparison of Effects of Planting Native and Alien Species to Restore Plant Communities and Improve Water Quality of Fishponds under Shifting Fishponds to Wetlands

于2017年4月2日和3日,在云南普洱五湖国家湿地公园内的＂退塘还湿＂鱼塘和湿地公园周边对照鱼塘,开展了野外调查,对比了补种本土植物荷花（Nelumbo nucifera）、香蒲（Typha orientalis）、李氏禾（Leersiahexandra Swartz）、水马齿（Callitriche stagnalis）和引种外来植物再力花（Thalia dealbata）、纸莎草（Cyperus papyrus）、梭鱼草（Pontederia cordata）对鱼塘植物群落修复和水质改善的效果。研究结果表明,采用补种本土植物的鱼塘岸带植物物种数显著高于对照鱼塘和引种外来植物的鱼塘的物种数（n=27,p〈0.001）,水体浊度显著低于对照鱼塘和引种外来植物的鱼塘（n=27,p〈0.01）;补种本土植物和引种外来植物都可以有效改善鱼塘水体的水质;补种本土植物的鱼塘的水体温度和p H分别显著下降了2.9℃和1.3,水中的总氮、总磷、氨氮、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量和叶绿素含量分别显著降低了89.8%、76.5%、83.5%、82.6%、85.7%和95%;引种外来植物的鱼塘的水体温度和p H分别显著下降了3.4℃和1.0,水体总氮、总磷、氨氮、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量和叶绿素含量也分别显著下降了79.6%、82.4%、73.2%、61.6%、66.1%和68.5%。与引种外来植物相比,补种本土植物在维持鱼塘植物物种多样性和改善水质方面更具有优势。

To compare the effects of restore plant communities and improve water quality of fishponds with native and alien plants, during a process of‘shifting fishponds to wetlands＇ in Pu＇er Wuhu National Wetland Park, the field investigation was done on April 2 and 3, 2017. The native plants（Nelumbo nucifera, Typha orientalis and Leersiahexandra Swartz） and alien plants（Thalia dealbata, Cyperus papyrus and Pontederia cordata） were planted in the fishponds in the wetland park and control fishponds near the park. The results showed that the number of species of plant community in the fishponds to plant native plants was significantly higher than those of control fishponds and the fishponds to plant alien plants（n=27, p〈0.001）, and the turbidity of water body was significantly lower than those of control fishponds and the fishponds to plant alien plants（n=27, p〈0.01）. Both planting native plants and alien plants significantly improved the water quality. Under planting native plants, water temperature was dropped 2.9 ℃ and the p H was reduced 1.3; and the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and chlorophyll in the water of fishponds were reduced by 89.8%, 76.5%, 83.5%, 82.6%, 85.7% and 95%, respectively. Under planting alien plants, water temperature was dropped 3.4 ℃ and the p H was reduced 1.0;and the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and chlorophyll in the water of the fishponds were reduced by 79.6%, 82.4%, 73.2%,61.6%, 66.1% and 68.5%, respectively. Planting native plants would be better than planting alien plants to maintain plant communities and improve water quality.