人类活动干扰下4个时期松嫩平原丹顶鹤栖息地适宜性研究

Suitability of Red-crowned Crane Habitat for 4 Periods in Songnen Plain under Disturbance of Human Activities

从丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）的生境选择角度出发,综合考虑了人类活动干扰、食物来源、隐蔽条件和地形特征等因素,选取了土地利用类型、与居民地的距离、与耕地的距离、与道路的距离、归一化植被指数、坡度、坡向和与水源地的距离共8个因子,对丹顶鹤栖息地的生境质量进行评价。采用一种数据驱动的生态位模型——最大熵（Maximum Entropy,Max Ent）模型,在人类活动干扰强度逐渐增大的背景下,研究1995-2016年松嫩平原丹顶鹤栖息地的适宜性。研究结果表明,建立的1995年、2000年、2010年和2016年4个时期的生境适宜性评价模型的评价效果都达到较高的水平,土地利用类型、与居民地的距离、与耕地的距离、与道路的距离是影响丹顶鹤栖息地分布的主要因素。随着松嫩平原耕地面积、建设用地面积和路网密度的增加,与1995年相比,2016年丹顶鹤栖息地的最适宜和较适宜区的面积共减少了16 749 km2,其占研究区总面积的比例减小了6.7%。针对强烈的人类活动干扰,丹顶鹤采取远离的方式进行回避,其选择的栖息地与道路、耕地和居民地的距离的阈值分别为1.3 km、1.4 km和2.1 km。

Considered the habitat selection of red-crowned cranes, this paper selected 8 habitat features to assess the habitat quality of the red-crowned cranes, including land use type, the distance from the habitat of redcrowned cranes to the settlement places, distance to the farmlands, distance to the roads, slope, aspect, normalized difference vegetation index, and distance to the open water, which reflects the disturbances of human activities, food sources, hiding conditions, and topographical characteristics. Under the increasing of the disturbances of human activities, a data-driven ecological niche model—maximum entropy（Max Ent） model was used to analyze the habitat suitability of red-crowned cranes in Songnen Plain for 4 periods from 1995 to2016. The results showed that the evaluation effect of 4 models reached high levels, including land use types,distances to the settlement places, distances to the farmlands, distances to the roads, were the main factors affecting the habitat distribution of red-crowned cranes. With the increasing of cultivated lands, the settlement places, and the road density, the area of the suitable habitats for red-crowned cranes decreased by 16 749 km2 and its percentage decreased by 6.7%. As a response to the intense disturbances of human activities, the redcrowned cranes evaded from these artificial facilities. The thresholds of distances from the suitable habitats to the roads, cultivated lands, and the settlement places were 1.3 km, 1.4 km and 2.1 km.