新自由主义与美国大学科研市场化取向的演变

Neoliberalism and Evolution of American University Scientific Research Market Orientation

20世纪80年代,受西欧(德国)及日本崛起的经济竞争力挑战,美国里根政府一改之前对大学科研资助过度国防化的政策,不断挖掘大学科研的民用价值,并由此形成了白宫、国会及司法部门的竞争力联盟,以致力于通过促进大学科研市场化重新实现美国经济霸主之位。为此,在里根时代,联邦政府兴起新自由主义理念,逐步放松专利管制,颁布《贝赫—多尔法案》等一系列法案,激活大学投入科研市场化的意识;与此同时,受联邦资助增长的乏力及产业界对大学研究的资助的涌入,"象牙塔"也不断迎合里根政府自由主义式的科学政策,不断面向市场,加快科研专利化。然而,在里根市场化政策的引导下,一方面激发大学科研积极性与竞争意识,建立与完善了大学、产业界及联邦政府之间的互动体系;另一方面则使得大学陷入学术资本主义的泥潭,在科学和社会的关系并未回归到瓦尼尔·布什报告的"纯粹"研究之信仰。

In 1980 s,in order to deal with the rise of Western Europe（Germany）and Japan＇s economic competitiveness challenges,the Reagan Administration altered the former federal government＇s university research funding policythat hadexcessive investment into national defense,and constantlyexploredthe civil value of scientific research in universities and thusa competitiveness alliance was established by the White House,Congress and the Judicial departmentswith the purpose toregaineconomic hegemony of the United Statesthrough the scientific research marketizationin universities.Therefore,in theReagan era,the federal government,gradually loosening the patent policy,promulgateda series of bills such as the＂theBayh-Dole Act＂to activate market awarenessof scientific research in universities;meanwhile,having been affected by the limited federalfunding andlarge amount of fund from industries for universityresearch,the＂ivory tower＂constantly catered to the Reagan Administration＇s liberal science policy,and accelerated scientific research patent with market-orientation. However,on the one hand,the Reagan marketoriented policyaroused the university scientific research enthusiasm and competition awareness and established the interaction system amonguniversity,industry and the federal government.On the other hand,itmadeuniversitytrap in the academic capitalism,thus scientific research did not return to the＂pure＂faith mentioned in the Vannier Bush reportfrom the perspective of scientific and social relationship.