皂苷的结构、活性及其在水产养殖中的应用

Structure and Bioactivities of Saponin and Its Application in Aquaculture

皂苷是由皂苷元和糖链两部分组成的化合物,根据苷元不同可分为三萜皂苷或甾体皂苷。苷元为三萜化合物的是三萜皂苷,苷元为螺旋甾烷化合物的是甾体皂苷。皂苷在自然界中的分布极为广泛,主要存在于陆生高等植物中。其中三萜皂苷主要分布于豆科、五加科、远志科等植物中。甾体皂苷主要存在于薯蓣科、百合科、玄参科等植物中。人参、黄芪、柴胡、麦冬、三七、知母等中药以及大豆、花生中都含有皂苷。除此之外,在海星、海参等海洋生物中也存在皂苷。现代药理学研究表明,皂苷具有许多重要的生物活性和药理作用,如增强机体免疫力、降低胆固醇、降血糖、溶血、抗氧化、抗病毒、抗癌、抗炎、抗过敏、防治心血管疾病、治疗白血病等。在水产养殖中,皂苷作为清塘药物,常用于毒鱼、灭螺。在水产饲料中,皂苷常作为抗营养因子而被大量研究。然而,随着研究的深入,研究人员发现,皂苷作为一种饲料添加剂或药物佐剂,能够提高养殖动物的生长性能,增强养殖动物的免疫能力。本综述介绍了皂苷的结构和分类,同时介绍了皂苷的生物学功能,总结了皂苷对水产动物的影响,探讨了皂苷在水产养殖中的应用及其发展前景。

Saponin is a compound composed of two parts：aglycone and sugar chain.It can be divided into two kinds of saponins,triterpenoid saponins and steroidal saponins,according to the difference of aglycone.The aglycone of three terpene saponins is three terpenoid,the steroidal aglycone of steroidal saponins is a helical steroid compound.Saponins are widely distributed in nature.They are mainly found in terrestrial higher plants.Among them,the three terpenoid saponins are mainly distributed in Leguminous,Acanthopanax,Polygala and other plants.Steroidal saponins mainly exist in Dioscorea,Liliaceae,Scrophulariaceae and other plants.Ginseng,astragalus root,bupleurum root,ophiopogon root,pseudo-ginseng,rhizoma anemarrhenae and other Chinese herbal medicines,as well as soybeans,peanuts contain saponins.In addition,a small amount of saponin exists in sea creatures such as starfish and sea cucumbers.Modern pharmacological studies show that saponin has many important biological activities and pharmacological effects,such as enhancing immunity,cholesterol lowering,hypoglycemic,hemolysis,antioxidant,antiviral and anticancer,anti-inflammatory,anti allergy,prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases,leukemia treatment.In aquaculture,saponin as medicine of pond cleaning,commonly used to poison fish and snail.In aquatic feed,saponins are often studied as anti nutritional factors.However,with the deepening of the study,the researchers found that saponin as a feed additive or adjuvant canimprove the growth performance of cultured animals,enhance the immune ability of cultured animals.In this paper,the structure and classification of saponins were introduced,the biological functions of saponins were summarized.The application and development prospect of saponin in aquaculture were discussed.