美国国家公园资金保障机制概述——以2019财年预算草案为例

An Introduction of Funding System in National Parks of the USA——Taking the FY2019 Budget Justification for an Example

美国国家公园成熟的资金保障机制为国家公园的建立和发展提供了重要支撑。2019财政年度,美国国家公园服务局的预算草案提出总需求资金约为32亿美元,其中预算需求约24亿美元,游憩费和其他专项资金约8亿美元。预算主要分为运营经费、国家休闲游憩和保存费、历史保存基金、建设费、土地征用和州际援助费、休闲游憩专项资金、其他专项资金、信托基金等11项,其中运营经费约为22亿美元,是最为核心的一项。该预算草案充分反映了美国国家公园资金保障机制的经费来源、结构、使用方向和主要特点,即以联邦财政拨款为主,特许经营和公私伙伴关系等为辅,经费渠道多元化;设立专项资金,专款专用;依法收支,及时公开等。这些值得我国在国家公园体制试点建设过程中深入学习借鉴。

The establishment and development of national parks in United States has been supported by its mature funding system. The discretionary budget request for the national park service（NPS） is $2.4 billion, with recreation fee revenue and other mandatory funding sources of $0.8 billion, total 2019 funding for NPS is $3.2 billion.The budget is composed of 11 sub-components, including Operation, National Recreation and Preservation, Historic Preservation Fund, Construction, Land Acquisition State Assistance, Recreational Fee and Other Permanent Appropriations, Trust Fund etc. Operation fee is the core appropriation among those with the largest budget of $2.2 billion. The budget justification fully illustrates the source, structure, main activities, and characteristics of fees, which are mainly from the federal revenue, with concession franchise and public-privation partnership fees as critical supplements, indicating the diversification of appropriations. Another trait is that the set up of mandatory appropriations, which must be applied for specific purpose. Besides, the budget is in accordance with federal laws,and is accessible to the public in time. In conclusion, these features are critical reference and should be further learned in the national park framework of China.