论教育研究方法论要摆脱唯实证主义的三个“崇拜”——兼谈坚持运用马克思主义辩证方法论开展教育研究

Three“Adoration”Criticism of Positivist Methodology:Insisting on Applying the Dialectics of Marxism Doctrine to Carry out Educational Research

2014年以来,中国教育学界涌现出一股大力倡导走向实证主义、拥抱实证主义、推崇实证主义的方法论转向的浪潮。教育研究走向"实证"范式的转型在客观上推进了研究的科学性、精确性、可靠性。教育需要有实证的研究,需要有自然科学特别是信息科学、认知神经科学、生命科学等的参与,以形成跨学科的宏大视野、全新格局,这无疑有助于推进教育研究收获新的发现、新的成果、新的思想。然而,教育学科的长足发展,不仅需要自然科学的加盟,作为一门研究"如何成人"的学科,它更需要与文学、美学、伦理学、哲学、人类学等人文与社会科学联姻,教育研究不仅仅具有着自然科学研究的属性,它更具有艺术与审美的人文科学研究的品性。我们呼吁教育研究在方法论上必须坚持运用马克思主义的辩证方法论立场,从而真正推动中国的教育研究进一步走向繁荣。马克思主义哲学不仅体现在其科学的政治学、哲学、经济学思想,而且更为重要的是其独树一帜的科学的方法论体系,这种方法论体系既注重事实和经验,又超越了具体、微观、琐碎的"证据",并在"总体性"理论思维中经过唯物辩证法的有效运用,从而达到了对内在本质和规律的充分揭示和把握。可以说辩证方法论是马克思主义学说在方法论上的重大创新和突破,值得人文学科、社会学科、自然科学的工作者们认真学习与继承。首先,教育研究要摆脱唯实证主义方法论的"证据崇拜",走向有思想、有精神、有灵魂的"随机应变"的马克思主义辩证方法论的"总体性"研究。其次,教育研究要摆脱唯实证主义方法论的"强力崇拜",走向以丰富、多元、灵动为重要特征的马克思主义辩证方法论的"关系性"研究。第三,教育研究要摆脱唯实证主义方法论的"‘测得准’崇拜",走向以生成性、发展性为重要特征的马克思主义辩证方法论的"运思性"研究。

Since 2014, a wave of vigorous advocacy towards positivism, embracing positivism and advocating positivism has sprang up in Chinese educational circles. The transformation of educational research into the ＂empirical＂paradigm has promoted the scientific, accurate and reliable research objectively. Empirical research to education, to natural science, especially in Information Science, cognitive neuroscience, life sciences and other participation, to form a grand vision, a new cross subject pattern, which is helpful to promote the education research has made new discoveries, new achievements and new ideas. However, the rapiddevelopment of education, not only need science to join, as a research subject,＂adult＂and it needs more literature, aesthetics, ethics,philosophy, anthropology and other humanities and social science education research not only has the attribute of marriage, with the nature of scientific research, it has more research on humanities art with the aesthetic character. We urge that educational research must adhere to Marx＇s dialectic methodology to carry out educational research in order to further promote education research in China.Marx＇s philosophy is not only reflected in the science of politics, philosophy, economics, and what is more important is the system of its unique method, a scientific methodology the methodology system become an independent school, not only focus on facts and experiences, and beyond the specific, microcosmic, trivial＂evidence＂, and in the theory of＂totality＂thinking through the materialist dialectics of the effective use, so as to achieve the full understanding and grasping the essence and law of. It can be said that dialectic methodology is a great breakthrough and innovation in methodology of Marx＇s theory. It is worth studying and inheriting conscientiously by humanities, social sciences and natural science workers. First of all, educational research should get rid of the＂evidence worship＂of positivist methodology and move towards the ＂totality＂of Marx＇s dialectical methodology with thought, spirit and soul. Secondly, educational research should get rid of the ＂strong worship＂of positivist methodology and move towards the ＂relational＂ study of Marx＇s dialectical methodology which is characterized by richness, pluralism and flexibility. Third, educational research methodology to get rid of the ＂measured worship＂, to the generation and development as an important feature of Marx＇s dialectical methodology of＂thinking＂research.