网络购物合同的风险负担——“第一承运人规则”适用范围之质疑

Risk Burden of Online Shopping Contract: Question to “The First Carrier Rule”

根据我国立法确立的风险负担"第一承运人规则",在寄送买卖之中,卖方将货物交付给独立的承运人时,风险移转给买方,货物在途中遭遇风险时买方仍应履行合同义务。但是,从网络购物经验来看,这一做法显然已被实践做法所突破。网购购物中,买卖双方与第三方平台都认为货物的在途风险应由卖方承担。尽管通过合同解释可以将"货到付款"类型的网购合同解释为赴偿之债,从而避开《合同法》第145条的适用,但对其他类型的网购合同,仍然存在法律与现实脱节的问题。通过比较法考察,《德国民法典》与CESL都对"第一承运人规则"设置了例外,认为它不适用于消费品买卖;但我国《合同法》在制定时却参考了《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》,未考虑国际货物买卖与一般民事买卖之差异,从而导致了商事规范在民事领域的水土不服。对此,一劳永逸的办法是通过立法予以修正,但在此之前,通过行业惯例将网购合同解释为赴偿之债,也不失为解释论上的权益之策。

According to＂The first carrier rule＂in the Contract Law,in the sale involving dispatch,when the seller delivers the goods to the carrier independent of the buyer and seller,the risk is transferred to the buyer. However,from the experience of network shopping,it has obviously been breached by practice. In network shopping,both buyers and sellers and third-party platforms agree that the risks of the goods should be borne by the seller. Although it is possible to interpret the online purchase contract of C. O. D. as free on board destination,thus avoiding the application of article 145,there is still a disconnect between law and reality for other types of online shopping contracts. Through comparative analysis,it can be seen that BGB and CESL have set an exception to the＂first carrier rule＂,which does not apply to the sale of consumer goods,but the Contract Law refers to the CISG,not considering the differences between the international sale of goods and general civil business. For this,the best way is to revise the law,but before this,it is feasible to interpret the online shopping contract as free on board destination.