中国氢燃料电池车燃料生命周期的化石能源消耗和CO_2排放

Well-to-Wheels Fossil Energy Consumption and CO_2 Emissions of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles in China

氢燃料电池车(FCV)具有运行阶段高能效和零排放的优点,近年来得到快速的商业化发展.氢能生产具有多种技术路径,不同路径的能源和环境效益存在显著差异.本研究采用生命周期评价方法,运用GREET模型对不同氢燃料路径下的FCV燃料周期(WTW)的化石能源消耗和CO_2排放进行了全面评价.选取了多种制氢路径作为评价对象,建立了中国本地化的FCV燃料生命周期数据库,在此基础上分析了FCV相对传统汽油车的WTW节能减排效益,并和混合动力车和纯电动车进行比较.结果表明,使用可再生电力和生物质等绿色能源制氢供应FCV能取得显著的WTW节能减排效益,可削减约90%的化石能耗和CO_2排放.在发展相对成熟的传统能源制氢路径中,以焦炉煤气制得氢气为原料的FCV,能产生显著的节能减排效益,其化石能耗低于混合动力车,CO_2排放低于混合动力车和纯电动车.结合对资源储备和技术成熟度的考虑,我国在发展氢能及FCV过程中,近期可考虑利用焦炉煤气等工业副产物制氢,并且规划中远期的绿色制氢技术发展.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles （FCVs） have the advantage of high energy efficiency and zero tailpipe emissions. They have been progressively commercialized in recent years. Hydrogen production has diversified technological pathways, which vary greatly in terms of energy and environmental impacts. In this study, the life cycle assessment （LCA） method was applied to evaluate well-to- wheels （WTW） fossil energy consumption and carbon dioxide （ CO2 ） emissions of FCVs using various hydrogen production pathways. The greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy use in transportation （GREET） model, developed by the Argonne National Laboratory, was applied as the assessment tool, and a China-specific database was investigated and developed to evaluate typical hydrogen production pathways. Then, we compared the WTW fossil energy consumption and CO2 emissions of FCVs with those of gasoline vehicles （GVs）, hybrid electric vehicles （HEVs）, and battery electric vehicles （BEVs）. The results indicated that renewable-energy-based electrolysis of water and biomass gasification are two prospective hydrogen production pathways with significant WTW energy and climate benefits which can help FCVs reduce fossil energy consumption and CO2 emissions by approximately 90% more than GVs. Among the current pathways with mass adoption, hydrogen production from coke oven gas （COG） has substantial energy and CO2 mitigation benefits, which enables FCVs to achieve a lower WTW fossil energy consumption than HEVs and lower WTW CO2 emissions than HEVs and BEVs. Considering the resource reserves and technological maturity in China, hydrogen production from COG and other industrial by-products is recommended for hydrogen energy and FCV development in the short term. In the medium and long terms, utilization of renewable energy to produce hydrogen should be promoted.