《精神现象学》中的“主体”思想及其当代意义

On the Subject of Phenomenology of Spirit and Its Contemporary Significance

人的生存状况自近代社会以来发生深刻危机,造成这一后果的主要思想根源是西方形而上学传统中的二元对立思维模式。基于此,黑格尔用有机统一的观点作为确立主体思想的基本原则和方法准则。在其辩证的方法论原则指导下,《精神现象学》中对主体的论述超越了近代哲学单纯强调理性和意识的主体性原则,强调作为主体的人植根于世界之中,通过他人确立自身,是普遍的主体性和特殊的个体性相统一的现实存在,为现代哲学探究人的本质开启了一条新途径。胡塞尔、海德格尔、加达默尔、哈贝马斯、罗蒂等人均将黑格尔的主体思想作为试图超越近代意识哲学困境的有力手段。

The life condition of human beings has undergone severe crisis since modern times,which is a consequence of the dualistic thinking mode rooted in Western metaphysical tradition. The activity of equating ＂self＂to ＂thinking＂separates subject from concrete existence and makes subject be poor logical deduction. Opposite to the dualistic thinking mode,Hegel studied the problem of subject with the method of organic unity. Under the guide of this methodological principle,Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit researched into the richness and completion of human being from three aspects： self and world,self and others,subjectivity and individuality. Hegel’s dialectical recognitions of subject in some way rectified the crisis of solipsism of the theory of knowledge and provided sources of thought for contemporary philosophers such like Husserl,Heidergger,Gadamer,Habermas,and Richard Rorty.