狐精妲己图与汉墓酆都六天宫考

A Newly Unearthed Portrait of the Fox-Spirit Daji and the Six Palaces of Fengdu in Han Tomb Art

新发现的山东费县潘家疃汉墓前室画像石出现了汉晋道教酆都六天宫之第一天宫和第四天宫图景。南壁上段带有榜题的狐狸精"苏妲己"及"周公杀苏妲己"题记画像、特别是武王杀妺喜和褒姒画像的"荒诞"组合,与早期道经文献相对证,提供了理解与诠释汉墓中酆都六天宫信仰的突破点。在死而入冥后的"受事之日"或"罪考吉凶之日"必经的第一天宫(纣绝阴天宫),周公作为"北帝师"杀妲己之鬼;在第四天宫(恬昭罪气天宫),武王作为主司生杀的"鬼官地斗君"对妺喜和褒姒之鬼施以"斩鬼"、"灭形"的终极惩处。此类宗教图画旨在崇德抑术、宣扬《春秋》思想,是黄老、神仙、诸子聚合所成汉代宗教信仰之呈现;同时暗示墓主人高德,将入南壁下段所示南天朱火宫炼形而仙。类似的信仰表达亦见于其他汉墓画像,且可识出其他某些阴天宫的情景,唯其表现形式容有不同。

In the frontal chamber’s pictorial stones of a newly unearthed Eastern Han tomb in the village of Panjiatuan in Fei county,Shandong province,one finds scenes of the first and the fourth of the Six Palaces（ liutian gong） of Fengdu. On the upper part of the southern wall,the labeled legendary female fox-spirit Su Daji is facing Duke Zhou’s sword,while a label between them tells ＂Duke Zhou executes Su Daji. ＂In particular,there appears an ＂absurd＂combination of Duke Zhou executing Moxi and Baosi. These new materials,confirmed in consultation with Daoist scriptures,assure the breakthrough significance for understanding and cognizing belief in the Six Palaces of Fengdu in Han tomb art. In the first Palace—where the dead get registered and ＂assigned＂at entering the netherworld,or get＂judged＂at the date—Duke Zhou,as the royal preceptor of the Emperor of the North in the netherworld,kills Su Daji’s soul. Similarly,in the fourth Palace,King Wu of Zhou,who is in charge of punishing as ＂Lord of the Nether Dipper,＂kills the souls of Moxi and Baosi with his sword. Aimed at engaging Confucian lofty virtues,these kinds of drawings are a representation of the Han religion; they also indicate that the dead in the tomb earned high virtues and will ascend to the southern heaven to refine for immortality. In other Han tombs,one can also find more representations of the Six Palaces in various forms and styles.