两田制、土地流转与“倒地谋利”——基于河北省北镇的考察

Two-field Land System,Farmland Transfer and “Profit-making Land Sale”

对河北省北镇的调查发现,当地农村自20世纪90年代以来就存在由村集体主导的持续性大规模土地流转,而这种流转的出现可能与该地独特的耕地承包制度——"两田制"有关。两田制通过区分平均承包给农民个人的"口粮田"和由集体直接掌握且不平均承包的"承包地",强化了村集体的土地权利,使村集体可以集中大片地块予以整体发包、流转,因而便利了大规模土地流转的开展。但是,在北镇农村面临大面积征地开发的背景下,两田制与土地流转的耦合关系却也为少数承包大户谋求高额征地补偿的短期投机性土地流转行为——"倒地"提供了机会。倒地谋利行为不仅冲击正常的土地流转,而且恶化了征地补偿分配秩序,引起了普通村民的不满。

A survey of Beizhen in Hebei Province found that there has been a continuous large - scale farmland transfers led by the village collectives since 90s of last century. The occurrence of such farmland transfers may be related to the unique farmland system ＂two fields system＂. The two field land system strengthen the village collective land rights by distinguishing between ＂grain -ration farmlands＂ and ＂re- sponsibility farmlands＂. Thus the village collectives can directly control large plots which will be conven- ient to carry out large - scale farmland transfers. However, in the background of large scale land expropria- tions in rural areas of Beizhen, the coupling relationship between the two filed land system and land transfer also gives chances to short - term speculative land transfer behaviors to seek compensation for land requisi- tion. The behaviors of profit - making land sle not only impacted the normal farmland transfer, but also worsened the order of the distribution of land requisition compensation, and caused the dissatisfaction of the ordinary villagers