略论古代边疆民族政策

Ethnic Minority Policy in Ancient China

中国古代边疆民族政策的发展历程是:秦汉、唐宋、元明清三个时代。秦汉王朝对边疆地区民族的政策:"附则受而不逆,叛则弃而不追。"唐宋王朝对边疆地区民族的政策,"即其部落列置州县。其大者为都督府,以其首领为都督、刺史,皆得世袭。"此是施行"羁縻"之治,不过是略微管束而已。元王朝在边疆民族地区施行"参用其土酋为官"政策,于是形成"土司制度"。明王朝在边疆民族地区实行普遍设置土司政策,又将土司的承袭、升迁、贡赋、奖惩、土兵运用等进行完善,土司制度发展到鼎盛。清王朝进行了几次大规模的"改土归流",土司势力便渐次衰弱。土司制度的历史作用很大:自元代形成土司制度以后,中国成为有史以来领土完整十分统一的多民族国家。土司作为朝廷"命官",肩负着保卫使命,边疆民族地区得以长治久安。

The development of ethnic minority policies in ancient China was divided in three times： Qin and Han Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. In Qin and Han Dynasties, the royal cout treated the ethnic minorities as guests. In Tang and Song Dynasties, the royal court used the leaders of ethnic minorities to gover them.In the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the royal court carried out the policy of ＂using the local chieftain to be an official＂ in the frontier minority areas, thus forming the ＂Tusi System＂. Up to the Ming Dynasty ＂Tusi system＂was developed to the peak. In the Qing Dynasty, the royal court grandually weakened the power of chieftain. The historical role of ＂Tusi System＂was very great. Since the formation of ＂Tusi System＂in the Yuan Dynasty, China had become a multi-ethnic country with complete territorial integrity in the history.