标表型人格权的构造与人格权商品化批判

The Structure of Rights of Personal Identity and a Critique of Their Commercialization

人格权商品化理论以标表型人格权为对象,但后者存在着人格标识的决定、变更权能(内在属性)与使用权能(外在属性)两个矛盾的基本属性以及人格标识与主体有稳定联系的特性。历史地看,基于不同权能与权利对象的组合关系,标表型人格权存在三种不同的结构:早期立法以人格标识的使用为权能、人格标识为权利对象,忽视了人格标识的形成自由;当前通说增加了人格标识的决定、变更权能,但仍以人格标识为权利对象,导致了人格权的性质矛盾;理想结构应以人格标识的决定、变更为权能,人格标识的形成自由为权利对象,排除人格标识的使用权能,切割人格标识冒用与盗用的私法效果。人格标识使用权源自人格的促销价值,是含有人格利益的特殊财产权,立法上应采有别于美国法的二元保护模式,使其依托于人格权的规范体系中。

The theory of the commercialization of personality rights targets identifying personality rights,but the latter has two contradictory powers and functions:the determination and alteration of personal identity(an internal attribute)and the use of personal identity(an external attribute),together with the characteristic stable relationship between personal identity and the agent.Historically,based on the combination of different targets of functions and rights,identifying personality rights have three different structures.Early legislation regarded personal identity's use as its function and the identity itself as the object of rights,to the neglect of the freedom to form personal identity;the prevailing theory at present has added the powers of the determination and alteration of personality rights,but still regards personal identity as the object of rights,producing a contradiction in the nature of personality rights;and the ideal structure would regard the determination and alteration of personal identity as falling under powers and functions and freedom to form personal identity as the object ofrights,while excluding the use function of personal identity and eliminating the private law consequences of fraud and misappropriation of personal identity.The right to the use of personal identity derives from the promotional value of personality and is a special property right involving personal interests.The legislation should adopt a dual protection model that differs from American law,one that is supported by a standard system of personality rights.