理学对人生的塑造与规范——以朱熹辞赋为中心

Neo-Confucianism's Shaping Effects on People's Life: An Analysis of Zhu Xi's Ci and Fu Poems

南宋最受人关注的文化事件是理学的兴起与发展,理学立足于道德与秩序,追寻存在本然以及一切知识的源头,确立一种贯通自然、社会与人类的绝对真理。理学对人生问题的思考和规范是在性与理的范畴之内进行的。在朱熹等理学家看来,内圣与外王是统一的,君子的使命是接续道统,践行道德人生,由人性而臻于天理。理学同样指出了成就君子的门径,居敬穷理是造就君子人格的实践工夫,格物致知则是其认知工夫。在理学精心设计的人生历程中,通过不断的修养、磨砺,祛除人心之蔽,领略天理流行,可以上升到曾点气象的精神境界。以朱熹为代表的南宋中后期的辞赋创作深受理学思想的濡染,形成了平实、渊雅的美学风格,但这一时期的辞赋缺少灵动的情思与勃勃的生气也是不争的事实。

The most noticeable cultural event in the Southern Song Dynasty was the rise and development of Neo-Confucianism. Based on morality and order, Neo-Confucianism sought the source of being and all types of knowledge in order to establish a universal truth unifying nature, society, and human beings. Its theorization on life issues was conducted in the interaction between the categories of both xing 性（nature） and li 理（reason）. According to the Neo-Confucianists like Zhu Xi, there was a unification between neisheng 内圣（inner sagely perfection） and waiwang 外王（outside practical accomplishments）. The mission of a junzi 君子（morally superior man） is to follow and carry forward the Confucian orthodoxy, lead a moral life and access the ultimate reason via human nature. Neo-Confucianism also pointed out the approach to becoming a junzi： in practice, one had to pursue the truth whole-heartedly and in theoretical cultivation, he had to gain good knowledge through investigating the principles hidden behind the things. In Neo-Confucianism＇s meticulous design of the course of life, one can rise to a state of Zeng Dian＇s achievements through constant cultivation and honing of his personality so as to be free of flaws and know the heavenly principles. In the middle and later periods of the Southern Song Dynasty, the creation of ci and fu poems represented by those of Zhu Xi＇s was greatly influenced by Neo-Confucianism, forming a plain but profound aesthetic style, but it is also true that there is a lack of liveliness and vitality in the ci and fu poems in that period.