也说西夏“替头”

A Research on the Xixia “Titou”

古代"替头"具有两重含义,一是与"正身"相对应的"替身",一是与"正员"相对应的"白员"。明代以后,"替头"逐渐被"顶首"取代。西夏替头广泛存在于军队士兵和官府文吏之中,并非仅仅局限在官府胥吏。从职能上看,西夏南边榷场使文书中的"替头"是掮客或栏头的替身,具有双重身份,因此不能简单地称其为中介或代理人。西夏替头出现的社会原因主要在于解决制度设计与制度运行之间的矛盾。

In ancient times,＂Titou＂has two meanings. One is the＂Substitute＂corresponding to the＂True self＂,the other is the＂a person without political identity＂corresponding to the ＂official member＂. After the Ming Dynasty,＂Titou＂was gradually replaced by＂Dingshou＂. Xixia＂Titou＂for widely existed in the troops,soldiers and civil services,not only in the government officials. From the view of function,the southern Quechang of Xixia made the＂Titou＂a substitute for a brokers or hurdles,and had a dual identity. Thus it can not be simply called a broker or agent. The social reason for the ＂Titou＂of Xixia is mainly to solve the contradiction between system design and system operation.