从经书中看儒家的谏诤思想

On the Thought of Giving Critical Advice Reflected in Classical Confucian Works

儒家的经书中有很多谏诤的例证,它们体现了儒家对"忠""孝"二字的理解,也体现了儒家希望通过规劝君主闻谏来参与政权的政治理想。从儒家的观点来看,向君主进谏的原则包括"遂事不谏""不显谏""近则谏,远则不谏"和"三谏不听则逃"等。儒家的劝谏分为显性和隐性两种。儒家通过这两种方式向君主进谏,表达自己的思想。

In classical Confucian works, there are so many examples of giving critical advice, which reflected not only Confucian scholars＇ understandings on＂loyalty＂and＂filial piety＂, but also their political ideals of participating in politics by persuading kings to accept their advice.According to Confucian school, the principles of giving critical advice included the following such as ＂giving no advice on solved affairs＂, ＂giving no obvious advice＂, ＂giving advice to kings being closerather than distant in inter-personal relations＂, and ＂withdrawing from the kings when getting rejections on the same affair for three times＂, and so on. The critical advice given by Confucian scholars could be divided into two types：obvious advice and recessive advice, which reflected the scholars＇ thoughts.