论行政事实行为的界定

On the Definition of Factual Administrative Act

从目前理论和实务来看,关于行政事实行为的判断标准还存在争议和模糊之处。通过对行政事实行为的发源地——德国法的考察,可以发现行政事实行为并非不产生法律效果,而是不直接产生法律效果。也就是说,行政事实行为可能会影响当事人的权利义务,但这并非行政机关的意图所致。直接产生事实效果才是行政事实行为的特征。德国法主要以"是否存在调整(即客观上是否具有法律效力和主观上是否直接产生法律效果)"来作为区分行政处理和行政事实行为的标准,值得我们借鉴。对行政事实行为的界定有助于我们认清行政强制行为、政府信息公开行为、调解行为、行政指导行为、过程性行为以及准法律行为的性质。

In 2014,the administrative litigation law changed the scope of administrative litigation from"concrete administrative act"to"administrative act",which resulted in the fact that factual administrative act belongs to the scope of administrative litigation.Judging from our current theory and practice,the judgment criterion of factual administrative act is still controversial and vague.Through the investigation of German law,the birthplace of factual administrative act,it can be found that factual administrative act does produce legal effect,but does not directly produce legal effect.That is to say,factual administrative act may affect the rights and obligations of the parties,but this is not the intention of the executive authorities.It is the characteristics of factual administrative act that directly produces the factual effect.The German law is mainly based on"whether there is an adjustment or not(that is,whether it has legal validity and whether it directly produces the legal effect or not)as a standard to distinguish the concrete administrative acts and factual administrative acts,which is worthy of our reference.The definition of factual administrative act will help us to recognize the nature of administrative coercion,public information,mediation,administrative guidance,procedural act and quasi concrete administrative act.