日本高等教育大众化时期大学生就业特点及启示

Characteristics and Inspiration on College Graduates Employment under Mass Higher Education in Japan

受外部经济、政治和文化等综合因素影响,日本高等教育大众化时期大学生就业呈现阶段性特征:学历等级化和就业挤占效应明显;企业偏重综合能力,大学生就业出现"去专业化"倾向;泡沫经济致高教规模反向扩张,大学生就业率应声下挫。受高等教育内部二元结构、双层体系和文理分层等因素的影响,大学生就业也呈现对应特点:职业教育就业率高于普通教育;公立高校就业率高于私立高校;人文社科就业率高于理工科。日本的经验启示我们,既要关注外部环境变化对大学生人才模式及就业的影响,也要反思高等教育内部结构、体系和分层存在的问题及对就业的影响。

From the perspective of external environment, influenced by the economic, political and cultural factors, the periodical characteristics of Japan＇s college graduates＇ employment were presented as： firstly, this was an obvious hierarchy in educational background and severe downward flow of higher education population; secondly, the enterprise placed a higher value on general ability, which led to the tendency of ＇de-professionalization＇; thirdly, higher education expanded in reverse, and employment rate of college graduates dropped sharply. Internally, with the influence of general and professional education structure, public and private education system and liberal arts and sciences classification, the characteristics of graduates＇ employment were shown as： firstly, vocational graduates enjoyed a higher employment rate than other forms of graduates; secondly, graduates from public schools had a higher employment rate than private schools＇ graduates; thirdly, the employment rate of graduates from liberal arts and social science was higher than science and technology graduates. Japan＇s experience suggests that China should pay close attention on the influences of external environmental changes on higher education talents and employment, and reflect deeply on the problems of internal organization, system and types of higher education and their effects on employment.