元代军制“探马赤”中的色目本体及其历史功绩

Semu Nationality in the “Tanmachi” Military System of Yuan Empire and Its Historical Contribution

元朝的建立结束了中国自唐朝灭亡之后长达数百年的分裂割据局面,重新确立起了大一统的国家框架。同时,元朝也是一个以漠北地区蒙古族为主导的少数民族政权,"骑射武功"是其能够在短时间内统合力量并迅速崛起的关键。因此有元一代,对于军事本身及其建制的重视与拓展始终未曾间断,而"探马赤"亦是其中的重要组成部分。传统意义上的"探马赤"只有"五投下"和"七部"两类族(部)属之分,但事实上自元朝初期伊始,以色目军人为主体的"西域探马赤"业已成雏形并逐渐发展壮大,开始成为"探马赤"军制类别中的第三体例。在元朝近百年的历史中,"探马赤"特别是由色目官兵所组成的"西域探马赤",一方面为中央政府戍守、屯垦广袤的西北边陲,另一方面则奉元廷之命平定国境内外的反叛。既使得陕甘一带及新疆天山南北地区自唐以后再次得到大规模开发,成为中央政府有效管辖之地,又在一定程度上巩固了中国作为统一多民族国家的根基,具有十分积极的历史意义。故对"探马赤"中的回族本体及其历史功绩进行深入性的探索研究,将会有助于元代军制学、边疆学等方面的推进,也可视作对现阶段"中华民族共同体"理论的侧翼性论证与补充,兼具学理与实际上的双重效应。

The establishment of Yuan Dynasty ended the separation of China from the destruction of the Tang Dynasty for hundreds of years, and reestablished a unified national framework. At the same time, Yuan Dynasty is a minority regime dominated by North Mongolian, ＂horsing and hunting＂ is the key to integration in a short period of time and the rapid rise of power. The Yuan Dynasty, and for expanding the military system itself and its importance has not been interrupted, and ＂Tanmachi＂ is also one of the important parts. The traditional sense of ＂Tanmachi＂ was divided into two tribes：＂Wutouxia＂ and ＂Qibu＂, but in fact, since the beginning of Yuan Dy- nasty,the Semu nationality as the main body of the＂Xiyu Tanmachi＂ has become the prototype and gradually ex- panded, became the ＂Tanmachi＂ category in the third style. In the last hundred years of history, the ＂Tanmachi＂ especially by the Semu people formed the ＂Xiyu Tanmachi＂ on the one hand, the central government garrison vast northwest border, on the other hand,in the life of the Yuan Dynasty in or outside the rebel against. Not only made the area and the Xinjiang area north and south of the Tianshan Mountains from the Tang Dynasty has been large-scale development,became the central government jurisdiction, and to a certain extent, consolidated China as the foundation of a unified multi-ethnic country, has a very positive historical significance. Therefore, in-depth study of the ＂Semu Nationality＂ and its historical contribution,will promote the military science,frontier science and other areas, can be viewed argumentation and complement the Chinese community theory at this stage, and actually the dual effect of learning.