政治理性还是生存理性?——一种对人民公社合作秩序解体根源的历史考察

Political Logic or Survival Logic: Interpretation of the Cause of the Disintegration of the Cooperative Order of the People's Commune in China

生存理性是农民最基本的安全法则,当一切政治、经济和社会活动突破了农民的安全底线,对其生存产生威胁时,他们便会采取显性与隐性的策略和手段进行生存抗争。人民公社通过强制性的集权手段将农民纳入一种较为理想化的合作秩序之中,虽然描绘了美好的愿景和蓝图,但运行中的低效率,却威胁了农民的生存安全。在生存第一与政治激情的较量中,农民最终选择了对高度集中体制的"反叛",以"反行为"为武器逐渐消解了人民公社的肌体,最终致使公社体制崩塌。

Survival reason is the most basic safety law of farmers.When all political,economic and social activities break through the bottom line of farmers’safety and threaten their survival,they will adopt explicit and implicit strategies and means to survive the struggle.The people’s communes,by means of coercive centralization,have incorporated the farmers into the more idealized cooperative order,although they portray the beautiful vision and blueprint,but the inefficiency of their operation threatens the survival of the farmers.In the"survival of the first"and"political passion"contest,the farmers finally chose to"rebel"against a highly centralized system,"anti-behavior"as a weapon to gradually digest the body of the people’s communes,and ultimately the collapse of the commune system.