明代方志复原宋元地方祠庙体系可能性探讨——以《弘治温州府志》祠庙记录为例

On the Possibility of Reconstructing the Local Temple and Shrine Systems in the Song-Yuan Periods from the Ming Gazetteers: A Case Study on the Temple Records in the Record of the Wenzhou Prefecture in the Reign Period of Hongzhi

田野调查难以直接呈现明清以前民间信仰的状况,依赖文献记载一般仅能粗略了解明清神明演化的源头以及朝廷封赐或打击的祠庙情况,试图还原宋元时期以祠庙为核心的社会组织变得尤为困难。能否通过明弘治时期《温州府志》中永嘉、瑞安两县祠庙部分的记载,来讨论明代方志在多大程度上可能还原宋元时期地方祠庙社会的整体面貌,这既是社会史的问题同时也是史料分析的问题。通过复原可以观察到由小农、土豪、福建移民、海商与道教共同构建起来的宋元温州民间社会,以及朝廷、地方官、本土新士大夫对祠庙场域的有限参与。这样的图景经由特定的明代方志复原获得,现存宋元方志可能尚不能达成类似效果。

The field work is difficult to directly illustrate the comprehensive image of popular beliefs in pre-Ming and Qing dynasties. Textual sources only provide very general information about the origins of the deities and how the court honored or persecuted local temples and shrines. Any attempt of reconstructing the social organization centered on temples and shrines in the Song and Yuan eras is difficult. This paper wonders whether or not we can discuss the reconstruction of the local Temple and Shrine Systems in the Song - Yuan periods from the Ming Gazetteers especially by reading the sections on the temples and shrines in the Yongjia and Rui5an counties in the Record of the Wenzhou Prefecture in the Reign Period 〇/开 on容 z/ii （《弘治温州府志》）. This can be a social history study,but in the meantime,it is also an issue of textual analysis. By reconstructing, we can observe a local society in Wenzhou which was constituted by farmers, land-lords ,immigrants from Fujian, maritime merchants, and Daoists. The court, local officials, and new elite literati also partially participated in this society. This image can be obtained by specific gazetteers from the Ming dynasty. Current ex-tant gazetteers from the Song and Yuan eras cannot help us.