理性机巧与人类自由关系辩证

The Dialectical Relationship between Rational Ingenuity and Human Freedom

黑格尔认为，人类及其活动不过是理性借以实现自身的工具，即所谓理性的机巧，人类自由因此不过是理性的自由。从鲍威尔到马克思，自由从自我意识到现实的人实现了向人自身的回归，理性机巧与人类自由的关系演化成了人类个体与整体的内在关系和矛盾。晚年恩格斯力图用合力论来阐明两者关系的实质，但个体与类、自由与必然的矛盾似仍难解，因为数学模型难免失之于经验与表象，成为单纯量的角力。笔者认为，该问题的最终解答必须回归到马克思所确立的实践唯物主义原则，回归到马克思对类存在、类活动的批判，从思维与存在相统一、对象性活动的角度才能加以阐明，而马克思正是从解决什么是主体、解决什么是天意、解决社会意志与个人意志冲突、解决工具与环节的困惑、解决自由的路径、解决天意是如何产生等六个方面，全面回答了理性机巧与人类自由的关系问题。

Hegel believed that humans and their activities were just tools used by rationality to achieve its own, which means the so-called rational ingenuity and human freedom were only rational freedom. From Powell to Marx, freedom achieved a return to the people themselves from self-awareness to people in reality. The relationship between rational ingenuity and human has become the internal relationship and contradiction between the individuals and the whole human. Theory to clarify In Engels＇s later years, he tried to use the Joint Forces the substance of their relationship. However, the contradictions between the individuals and the whole human, between freedom and necessity remain unsolvable because mathematical models are inevitably lost in the experience and representations, becoming the simple number＇s wrestling. The writer believes that the ultimately answer to this issue must return to the principles of practical materialism established by Marx, to Marx＇s criticism of human existence and activities. It can only be clarified in terms of the unity of thought and existence and objective activities. And Marx fully answered the issue of the relationship between rational ingenuity and human freedom from six aspects, including the meaning of the subject and the providence, the personal and social conflicts, the puzzles of tools and links, the path of freedom and how the providence generated.