希腊外国移民生存现状分析——就业、教育和社会保障

Living Status of Foreign Immigrants in Greece——Analysis of Situation in Employment,Education and Social Security

当今世界全球化进程不断加速,如何应对外国移民的融入问题,如何制定合理的适应国际形势的移民政策,关系到每个国家经济和社会的稳定与发展。希腊在20世纪90年代初才从历史上的移民输出国变成移民输入国,移民的管理和移民政策的制定都处于初始阶段。本文从三个方面分析希腊外国移民的生存现状：在就业方面,希腊外国移民主要集中在工作机会多的大城市,主要在技术要求不高的第一产业和第三产业领域工作,主要的就业方式是亲戚朋友的介绍,种族宗教歧视、专业技术和希腊语水平不足、没有合法身份等因素阻碍了外国移民就业,此外经济危机极大地影响了移民的薪酬收入;在教育方面,大部分成年外国移民学历不高、缺乏职业技能,在希腊提升学历和技能的途径比较有限,而未成年移民在希腊能享受义务教育,但文化融入方面仍有很多挑战;在社会保障方面,只有拥有合法身份并缴纳社保金的外国移民才能享受社会福利,移民多面临未缴纳社保金或缴纳天数不足的问题。外国移民对希腊经济和社会既有积极影响,也有消极影响,而希腊现行的移民政策还不完善,移民管理效率不够高,需要多方深入研究和实践才能制定出更合理的移民政策和法律。

With the acceleration of globalization, how to deal with the integration of foreign immigrants and how to formulate a reasonable immigration poKcy to adapt to the international situation are closely related to the economic and social stability and development of each country. Until the early 1990s Greece began to have more immigrants than emigrants, so the immigration management and the immigration policy of Greece are both at primary stage. This article analyzes the living status of foreign immigrants in Greece from three aspects. In aspect of employment, the foreign immigrants in Greece are mainly concentrated in large cities with more job opportunities and mainly work in the primary and tertiary industries with less technical requirements. Their main method of finding job is recommendation by relatives and friends. The ethnic and religious discrimination,lack of professional skills and fluency in Greek, lack of legal identity and other factors hinder the employment of foreign immigrants. Otherwise, the economic crisis has greatly affected the income of immigrants. In aspect of education, most of the adult foreign immigrants in Greece don’t have high education level or professional skills, and the access to improvement is limited. Meanwhile the underage immigrants in Greece can receive compulsory education, but they still face many challenges in cultairal integration. In aspect of social security, in Greece only those immigrants who possess legal identity and have paid social security fees can enjoy social benefits, but quite a number of immigrants face the problem of not paying social security fees or not paying for enough days. Foreign immigrants have both positive and negative effects on the Greek economy and society. However, the current immigration policy in Greece is still not perfect, and the immigration management efficiency is not high enough. Therefore, more studies and practices need to be conducted in depth to formulate more reasonable immigration policies and laws.