《西伯威书》动词变格作用的核心概念

The Core Concepts of the Verb’s‘Amal in Kitāb Sībawayhi

《西伯威书》（以下简称《书》）是现存最早的一部阿拉伯语语法典籍，为早期阿拉伯语语法体系的建立奠定了基础。《书》中的很多思想历经后代学者的发展形成了传统阿拉伯语语法学的重要理论。其中，具有代表性的变因理论研究的是改变语法成分格位的因素（变因）及其变格作用，主要应用于语法成分的格位分析。尽管变因一词在作者西伯威的论述中尚未发展到理论术语的高度，但是变因的概念以及相关的表达在《书》中确有十分明显的体现。理论上三大词类中的最强变因——动词是西伯威在《书》“绪论”部分之后最先安排的内容。动词的变格作用成为其他词类也被纳入讨论的依据，动词及物的特性与变格作用的强度则被西伯威反复运用在分析中。本文通过考查及物和强度两个概念与动词变格作用的关系，探讨西伯威在分析时如何发挥这两个概念的核心作用及其在论述中反映的特点，以期了解变因理论的思想雏形。

As the first book on Arabic grammar ever written, Kitab Sibawayhi laid the foundation for early Arabic grammar system, in which a set of important theories, including the theory of ＇amil, with reference to the Kitab were developed by grammarians in later generations. By identifying ＇awamil （lit. operant elements; sing.＇amil） which affect the case endings of grammatical components with their ＇areal （lit. operation）, the theory of ＇amil is mainly applied to syntactical analysis. Sibawayhi had not treated ＇amil in his book as a purely technical term, however, the concept of ＇amil with other relevant expressions is obviously indicated in the Kitab. Being the most powerful ＇amil among the three speech parts recognized in Arabic grammatical tradition, the verb had been given high priority for that Sibawayhi arranged a section for verbs directly after his Risala （＂Introduction＂） to the Kitab. The possession of the verb＇s ＇amal is considered to be a reason for bringing some other speech parts into this section, in which the transitiveness of verb and the guwwa （lit. power） in ＇areal are two frequently mentioned concepts in Sibawayhi＇s analysis. By exploring ideas of transitiveness and guwwa with regard to ＇amal in the section of verb, this paper aims at illuminating the means that Sibaway hipracticed the two as core concepts in his discussion and the characteristics reflected in his study on verb, which embedded early thoughts of the theory of ＇amil.