朱子《太极解义》的成书过程与文本修订

The Compiling Course and Textual Revision of Zhu Xi's A Paraphrase of the Supreme Ultimate

朱子《太极解义》有三个本子:第一个本子是乾道庚寅(1170)朱子完成的初本,见于吕祖谦《太极图义质疑》,虽非全本,亦可窥见大概;第二个本子是乾道九年(1173)定本,淳熙末刊布,即淳熙本《晦庵先生文集》所载《太极解义》;第三个本子是今传通行本如《朱子全书》所载的《太极解义》,是朱子晚年最后改定本。三个本子中,最重要的是第二个本子的定稿,此本的定稿,曾广泛吸收了张栻、吕祖谦的意见,其中根本性的理论贡献来自朱子,但它既是朱子本人在这一时期的理论成果,一定程度上也代表了乾道后期道学的理论共识。朱子的太极论不仅有宇宙论意义,也有心性功夫论意义。其宇宙论意义是"明天理之根源,究万物之终始";其心性功夫论意义是"要于常运中见太极,常发中见本性"。太极是天地运化的主宰,又是人心发动的本性,太极论就是要人在运动发见中认得太极。但是天地的主宰不能离开运化的过程,人心的本性也不能离开心的发动,这个关系应该即是"体用一源,显微无间",故应当即动静求太极,即已发求未发,即其运化发动之中求见太极和本性。

There are three texts of Zhu Xi's A Paraphrase of the Supreme Ultimate.The first is the initial edition finished in A.D.1170, which could be seen in Lu Zuqian's A Query to the Meaning of the Diagram of the Universe.It is not a complete edition, but the outline had already been contained in this text.The second is the finalized edition completed in A.D.1173.And the third is the vulgate edition, i.e.the final revision made in Zhu Xi's later years.Among the three editions,the second one is of the most importance, which widely absorbed the opinions of Zhang Shi and Lu Zuqian.So it is not only the theoretical achievements of Zhu Xi in that period, but could also represent a degree of consensus within Neo-Confucianism in the last years of Qiandao reign.Zhu Xi's theory of the Supreme Ultimate has the significance on both cosmology and self cultivation of mind and heart.On the former, it is narrated as "understanding the origin of heavenly principles, and exploring all things from beginning to end"; while on the latter, it is narrated as "one should see the Supreme Ultimate through common operation, and the natural character through common inspiration.The Supreme Ultimate is the force dominating the operation and change of Heaven and Earth, as well as the nature to inspire human heart.While the dominating force cannot leave the process of operation and change, and the nature of human heart cannot leave the inspiration.So each couple of concepts are in sight of one another.