从“以教定学”到“为学而教”中国教学走向现代化的40年

From “Teaching Determines Learning”to “Teaching for Learning”: Modernization of Teaching over the Last 40 Years in China

本文将教学改革置于40年教育改革的大背景之下来考察其发展历程及演进脉络,以重大政策昭示、开启或转换的重要节点来梳理教学改革发展线索。在这一进程中,教学改革变化极大、精彩纷呈。教学改革每前进一步,都带来了教学价值取向、教学目标、教学内容、教学方法和技术、教学模式和策略、教学评价、学生学习方式、师生关系及教学文化的明显变化,教与学、师与生之间的关系也随之发生变化。文章最后以反思与展望的方式,讨论了40年来反复出现、还将继续的若干二重旋律:在输入与输出关系上,教学改革是在"跟跑"与"领跑"之间寻找适合的度;在效率与公平关系维度,教学也在微观领域探寻教育的公平之路;从制度与文化的关系视角看,在模式与制度创新中不断地生成新的教学文化;在理论与实践的关系问题上,出现了经由政策转换实现理论与实践之间互动共生的新局面;在历史与未来的交点上,教学改革将继续聚焦深度学习,为未来的学习开辟新天地。

Based on the time points of the declaration, beginning or changes of major policies, this paper investigates the development process and evolution route of teaching reform under the background of 40 years＇ education reform. In this process, the teaching reform has changed greatly and it has been unusually brilliant. Every step forward in teaching reform brings about obvious changes in teaching value, teaching objectives, teaching contents, teaching methods and techniques, teaching mode and strategy, teaching evaluation, students＇ learning style, student- teacher relationships, and teaching culture. Meanwhile, there has been a noticeable change in the relationship between teaching and learning, and between teacher and student. This paper further presents the reflections and propects of the recurring dual melodies over the last 40 years which will continue. In the relationship between the input and output, teaching reform is to find the appropriate balance between ＂following＂ and ＂leading＂. In the dimension of efficiency and fairness, teaching needs to explore the educational equality in the micro-domain. From the perspective of system and culture, new teaching culture is constantly generated in the mode and system innovation. In the relationship between theory and practice, a new situation of interaction between theory and practice is realized through policy transformation. At the intersection of history and the future, the teaching reform will continue to focus on deep learning and opening up new horizons for future learning.