平衡施肥对荒漠区黄冠梨生长与品质的影响

Effects of balanced fertilization on growth and fruit quality of 'Huang-guan'pear on desert area

对荒漠地区丰产期黄冠梨树生长发育特性、果实和叶片矿质元素含量进行分析,探讨平衡施肥对梨果生长和品质的影响,可为梨园确定合理的施肥水平提供理论依据.选取同一园区12年生黄冠梨为试验材料,设置低氮磷高硫(T_1)、中氮磷中硫(T_2)、高氮磷低硫(T_3)3个处理,以常规施肥为对照(CK).结果表明:不同处理对当年生枝和叶片的生长发育影响不大,但在连续施肥第2年后,T_1促进了当年生枝条的生长,枝条长度和粗度比对照分别提高了16.2%和11.4%.连续施肥2年后可以不同程度提高叶片中矿质元素的含量,其中T_1处理叶片Cu、Fe和Zn含量最高,T_2处理Mg和B含量最高,T_3处理P和Mn含量最高.与对照相比,不同施肥处理对果实产量影响均不明显,但对果实品质有较大影响,处理2年后T_2的可溶性糖和维生素C(Vc)含量均显著增加,分别比对照高出4.2%和7.1%,T_3处理有机酸含量最高,而T_1处理的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和Vc含量均低于对照.果实中Fe含量与可溶性糖含量、果形指数呈显著正相关,分别与单果质量、有机酸和Vc含量呈显著负相关;P含量与果形指数、果实硬度呈显著正相关,与可溶性糖、有机酸和Vc含量呈显著负相关.综上,T_2处理在保证稳产、丰产的前提下,又起到了改善果实品质的作用,可作为荒漠区黄冠梨生产中适宜的施肥措施.

A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of balanced fertilization on growth and development,yield,fruit quality and mineral content in ‘Huang-guan＇pear to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable level of fertilization in pear orchards. Four treatments were arranged with 12-year old ‘Huang-guan＇pear trees from the same orchard： conventional fertilization（ CK）,low levels of N,P2 O5 and high level of S（ T1）,medium levels of N,P2 O5 and S（ T2）,high levels of N,P2 O5 and low level of S（ T3）. The results showed that different treatments had little effect on the growth and development of current-year branch and leaves in the first year. However,in the second year,T1 treatment promoted the length and diameter of current-year branch by 16. 2% and11.4%,respectively. Continuous fertilization could increase the leaf mineral contents in different degrees. The contents of Cu,Fe,and Zn in leaves under T1 treatment,Mg and B in leaves under T2 treatment,and P and Mn in leaves under T3 treatment were highest. Different fertilization levels had no significant effect on yield but on fruit quality. The contents of soluble sugars and vitamin C（ Vc） were significantly increased by T2 treatment,which was 4.2% and 7.1% higher than those in CK. However,T1 significantly decreased contents of total soluble solid,soluble sugars and Vc,while highest organic acid content presented in T3. Fruit Fe content was positively correlated with soluble sugar content and fruit shape index,but was negatively correlated with single fruit mass,organic acids and Vc. Fruit P content was positively correlated with fruit shape index and firmness,but was negatively correlated with contents of soluble sugars,organic acids and Vc. Accordingly,T2 could improve fruit quality and maintain the productivity,and thus should be the suitable fertilization strategy for the ‘Huang-guan＇pear management in desert area.