保护性耕作对农田土壤水分和冬小麦产量的影响

Effects of conservation tillage on soil water condition and winter wheat yield in farmland

保护性耕作是提高土壤蓄水保墒能力并增加作物产量的重要农艺措施之一.基于河南省长期定位试验2011—2016年数据,分析不同耕作措施(传统耕作、免耕和深松处理)对土壤水分、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:2011—2016年免耕和深松耕作处理下冬小麦拔节期平均相对保墒率分别为7.3%和-0.68%,且免耕较传统耕作显著提高了冬小麦拔节期0~60 cm土壤贮水量.与传统耕作相比,免耕提高了冬小麦拔节期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期0~100 cm土壤平均含水量,而深松耕作并未明显提高冬小麦拔节期土壤平均含水量.此外,免耕较传统耕作能够显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,尤其在较干旱年份其增产效果更优.因此,免耕的蓄水保墒及增产效果在较干旱年份明显优于深松耕作.

Conservation tillage is one of the most important agricultural management measures on soil water conservation and crop yield increments. Based on long-term experiment during 2011 to2016,effects of different tillage treatments,including conventional tillage,no-tillage and subsoiling treatments,on soil water condition,crop yield and water use efficiency were analyzed. The results showed that the average and relative soil water conservation rate was 7.3% and-0.68% at jointing stage of winter wheat under no tillage and subsoiling treatments,respectively. Compared with conventional tillage,soil water storage significantly increased in 0-60 cm soil layer at jointing stage of winter wheat under no-tillage. Besides,the mean values of soil water content significantly increased in 0-100 cm soil layer at jointing,flowering,filling,and harvesting stages under no tillage treatment while that was not significantly increased at jointing stage under subsoiling treatment. Furthmore,no-tillage treatment significantly increased the yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat,especially in the dry years. Therefore,soil moisture conservation ability and yield increment of no tillage was better than that of the subsoiling treatment in dry years.