元代蒙古人的祭天仪式

The Worship Ceremony of the Heaven of the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty

元代蒙古传统的祭天仪式分为主格黎、洒马湩两种。以竿悬肉的主格黎祭祀,是蒙古最古老的祭祀。金朝拜天与主格黎仪式有类似之处,因此被木华黎接受。至元九年(1275)中书省革去金朝拜天遗制,是规范地方官方祭祀活动,但相关的射柳击毬风尚继续留存。洒马湩是元代最高级别的国家祭祀,其雏形出现于成吉思汗时期,每年在两个时节举行。六月二十四日洒马妳子,是元中后期出现的一种特殊的祭祀,是蒙古、汉文化交融的结果。元代将各宗教的祈福仪式、郊祀都视为祭天仪式,一些蒙古人参与并影响了郊祀。元代蒙古人的各种祭天仪式体现出多元文化交融的特点。

The worship ceremonies of the Mongols consist ofügeli and pouring airag in the Yuan dynasty.The ceremony ofügeli,which means hanging meat on poles,was the oldest worship ceremony of the Mongols.Because the heaven worship of the Jin dynasty shared similarity withügeli,so it was accepted by Muqali.In 1275,Zhongshu Sheng中书省abandoned the heaven worship left by the Jin dynasty;however,the related customs of shooting willows and polo game were still preserved as official-recognized local worship activities.Pouring airag was the highest ceremony of the Yuan dynasty.It appeared in the period of Chinggis Khan and was practiced in two seasons."Sa ma ni zi"洒马妳子 on June24 th was a special worship ceremony appearing in the late Yuan.It was the outcome of SinoMongolian cultural exchanges.The Yuan dynasty regarded praying ceremonies of each religion and outskirts sacrifice as the worship ceremonies of the Heaven.Some Mongolsparticipated in and influenced outskirts sacrifice.Various worship ceremonies of the Yuan Mongols manifest characteristics of interactions of diverse cultures.