儒学:为己之学与为人之学的辩证统一

Confucianism: The dialectical unity of learning for oneself and learning for others

站在整个儒学系统来看,儒学不单纯是为己之学,而是为己之学与为人之学的统一。历代儒家阐发了为己与为人的双重维度,一些人之所以把儒学完全归结为"为己之学",并据此否定儒学也是"为人之学",根本原因在于他们对"为己"和"为人"概念缺乏正确解读和全面把握,忽视了儒学既强调"为己"又强调"为人"。儒家为己之学和为人之学除了有隐含的、实质的外,还有明言的,而明言的形态又表现为两个方面:其一是直接明言,它由"为人""为己"表达;其二是间接明言,是指借助于"人""己"以及近义词"吾""我"等范畴加以阐发。儒家的为己之学内容充实,大体呈现在仁者自爱、克己由己、自知之明、自我反省、自尊自强、正己正人、修身为本和反身而诚八个方面。儒家不仅提出了直接明言的孝悌的为人、进取的为人、交往的为人和求善行道的为人,还建构了间接明言的,包括爱人利人、成人之美、与人为善、修己安人、修己敬人、立人达人和不必为己等丰富内含的为人之学。

In the view of the system as a whole,Confucianism is not only the knowledge of"learning for oneself",but also the knowledge of"learning for others".It is a dialectical unity of"learning for oneself"and"learning for others".Scholars have already elucidated the dual dimensions of"for oneself"and"for others".The reason that some people attributed Confucianism completely to"learning for oneself"and denied Confucianism as"learning for others"is that they did not understand the concepts of"for oneself"and"for others"in right way and neglected the unity of them.Besides its implicit and substantial features,there is something put into words directly in"learning for oneself"and"learning for others".The rich content of"learning for oneself"of Confucianism is usually presented in 8 aspects