真之效用:哲学与史学中的“语言转向”

On the Use of Truth: the “Linguistic Turn” in Philosophy and History

"语言转向"被认为是20世纪哲学与史学研究中的一个重要事件,然而,语言作为人们彼此之间的交流工具和意义表达的媒介,自古以来都处于人类日常生活的中心地位。思与言在理解和表现"真"的时候,同时也在追求"用",由此,语言的应用情境与使用方式都是人们所重视的。基督教发展中培养起人们对言之本义的崇拜,由基督教文本研究促成的近代语文学的兴起,为近代人文学科奠定了基石。然而,19世纪科学主义对精确性的进一步要求,使得哲学研究转向语言,这是一种哲学王者(或者哲学作为第一科学)欲望的体现,也是近代精英主义的一种极端体现。语言哲学促进了人们逻辑思维的发展,而它的研究重点最终向语言的使用方式、语境、语用的转移,才重新令哲学与生活世界建立起关联。史学中的"语言转向"很难说是一种既成事实,更多的新意来自对叙事形式的关注与分析,毋宁说是一种"叙事转向"。

The"linguistic turn"is regarded as a major event in philosophy and history in the 20th century.Thought and words explain and represent"truth",and meanwhile they seek for"use".Hence,great importance is attached to the specific context of language and the way language is used.In the process of its development,Christianity cultivated people's passion for the original meaning of words.The rise of modern philology which was made possible by text study in Christianity laid foundation for modern humanities.However,scientism's further demands on exactness in the 19th century made philosophy turn to language.This is a representation of the desire of philosophy as the first science,as well as an extreme manifestation of modern elitism.It is hard to say that"linguistic turn"in historical studies is a fait accompli.Much of its innovation lies in our attention to and analysis of the forms of narrative,and the"linguistic turn"is rather a"narrative turn".