有机肥施用对玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响

Effects of organic fertilizer on growth and development and water use of maize

玉米为黄土高原区主栽作物,农民为了获得较高的产量而进行大量化肥投入,致使土壤理化性状恶化和作物产量降低,而施用有机肥是有效改善手段之一。试验设计5个处理,有机肥用量分别为0 kg/hm^2(M0)、11 250 kg/hm^2(M1)、22 500 kg/hm^2(M2)、33 750 kg/hm^2(M3)和45 000 kg/hm^2(M4),分析不同处理植株叶面积指数、干物质生产、水分利用和产量形成等差异,结果表明:化肥与有机肥配合施用可显著提高玉米植株叶面积指数、干物质积累量、水分利用效率和产量,在有机肥施肥量为M2处理时各种指标均表现较好。其中叶面积指数为4.58,较对照高8.30%;干物质积累量为513 g/株,较对照高8.20%;水分利用效率为25.98 kg/(mm·hm^2),较对照高31.40%,籽粒产量为10 136.20 kg/hm^2,较对照高30.25%。因此,增施有机肥22 500 kg/hm^2可以作为当地玉米产量潜力提升的有效技术措施。

Maize is the main crop in the Loess Plateau. Farmers invest heavily in tertilizers to obtain higher yields, which resuhs in deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties and reduced crop yields. Application of organic manure is one of the effective measures. Five treatments were designed for this experiment. The organic fertilizer dosages were 0 kg/hm^2 （M0）, 11 250 kg/hm^2 （M1）, 22 500 kg/hm^2 （M2）, 33 750 kg/hm^2 （M3） and 45 000 kg/hm^2 （M4）. Analysis of differences in leaf area index, material production, water use, and yield formation of difterent treatments showed that： the application of chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertilizer can significantly increase the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, water use efficiency, and yield of maize plants. When the fertilizer application rate was 22 500 kg/hm^2, various indicators performed well. The leaf area index was 4.58, which was 8.30% higher than that of the control; the dry matter accumulation was 513 g/plant, which was 8.20% higher than the control; the water use efficiency was 25.98 kg/（mm·hm^2）, 31.40% higher than the control, and the grain yield was 10 136.20 kg/hm^2, 30.25% higher than the control. Therefbre, increasing 22 500 kg/hm^2 of organic fertilizer can be an efteetive technical measure to increase the local maize yield potential.