高焓激波风洞试验技术综述

Review on experimental technology of high enthalpy shock tunnel

高焓激波风洞是研究高温真实气体效应主要的地面模拟设备,基于高焓激波风洞发展的试验技术主要包括驱动技术、流场检测技术和测试技术。决定试验段所能达到的总焓和总压水平的驱动技术,主要包括变截面驱动、多段驱动、轻质气体驱动和加热轻质气体驱动;高焓激波风洞驻室温度高,导致激波管末端和喉道等内流道产生烧蚀并对流场带来污染,并且在高温条件下气体分子发生离解甚至电离,导致试验分析困难;确定试验段自由来流参数和有效时间以及污染气体推迟的流场检测技术,是开展风洞试验的前提条件;高焓激波风洞总焓和总压高,有效试验时间毫秒量级,对测试技术提出了更高的要求。本文综述相关技术的研究进展,重点介绍了气动热/气动力以及流场物理化学参数的测试技术,指出进一步的技术发展方向,以期为大型高焓激波风洞的发展与应用提供参考。

High enthalpy shock tunnel is the main ground testing equipment for the study of high enthalpy flows. The experimental technology of high enthalpy shock tunnel mainly includes the driver technology, the detection technology, and the testing technology. The driver methods determine the achievable total enthalpy and pressure level in the test section. These methods contain variable cross section driver, multicascade compression driver, light gases driver, and heated light gases driver. The extremely high temperature is produced in the high enthalpy shock tunnel. The high temperature leads to the melting effects at the end of shock tube and nozzle throat, resulting in the driver gas contamination in the flow field. It is difficult to analyze the test results due to the component dissociation and the frozen vibration temperature. The free stream condition, the duration of the working time, and the delay technology of driver gas contamination are confirmed by the detection technology, which plays the primary role in high enthalpy shock tunnel. There are not only high total temperature and pressure in high enthalpy shock tunnel, but also the duration of the working time is only several milliseconds, which bring more level high standard of the testing technique is required for high enthalpy shock tunnel in consideration of high total temperature, high pressure, and the only several milliseconds duration of the working time. The research progress of the related technology is introduced, and an emphasized introduction is given for the testing technology of aerodynamic force/heat and the flow field physical-chemical parameters. The direction of the further technological development is pointed out, which can provide references for the development and application of large-scale high enthalpy shock tunnel.