论口语文化视角下诸宫调文化形态的演进——以《刘知远》《董西厢》和《天宝遗事》为例

On the Evolution of Zhugongdiao Cultural Morphology in the Perspective of Colloquial Culture: Cases of Liu Zhiyuan,Dong Xixiang and Past Stories of Tianbao

说唱诸宫调是宋元时期具备了强大叙事能力的艺术形式。它对中国戏曲的形成和发展,无论是在音乐上、文学上,还是戏剧技巧上,都起到了强大的奠基作用。说唱诸宫调发生和发展在宋代商业繁荣、文化下渗的大背景下,成长在市民文化日渐勃兴的轨迹中。现存的三种诸宫调中,《刘知远》是民间文化初步崛起、步入勾栏的产物;《董西厢》是文人文化下渗勾栏的产物;《天宝遗事》则是高度成熟的、综合性的勾栏商业的产物,它们基本可以代表诸宫调发展过程的三个阶段中的三种文化形态。这三种诸宫调文化形态的演进,表明金元之际文艺领域已经出现重大变异:文学语言开始变化,源于口语文学的虚构叙事文学逐渐转化为文学的主干,市民意识逐渐侵入并占据了主导地位。

Zhugongdiao narrative singing is an artistic form with strong narrative ability in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. It has laid a crucial foundation of the forming and development of Chinese operas in terms of music, literature and theatrical techniques. Zhugongdiao narrative singing emerged and developed in the Dong Dynasty when business was prosperous and culture permeated downwards and it grew up in a trajectory in which civic culture was booming. Among thine kinds of existing Zhugongdiao, Liu Zhiyuan was a product at the time when civic culture was emerging and stepping into Goulan, Dong Xixiang was a product at the time when literati culture was permating into Goulan, and Past Stories of Tianbao was a product of highly mature and comprehensive Goulan business. These three works can be seen as three representatives of three cultural morphologies at three stages of the development of Zhugongdiao. The evolution of the cultural morphology of these three Zhugongdiao indicates that significant transformations emerged in the field of arts and literature at the turn of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. The transformations indicate that literally language began to change, imaginably narrative literature originated from colloquial literature evolved as the main part of literature and civic awareness began to permeate and obtain the dominance.