1950-2015年我国铁路气象及其衍生灾害特征分析

Feature Analysis of Meteorological and Derivative Disasters in China Railway During 1950—2015

基于我国铁路1950-2015年66年1037个气象及其衍生灾害事件资料,对我国铁路气象及其衍生灾害种类及时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:大风、降雪、雷电、强降雨及其引发的山洪、滑坡、泥石流、塌方等衍生灾害是影响我国铁路运行的主要灾害,约占全部灾害的97.3%。强降雨对东北、华北、华东、华中地区铁路运行影响最大,大风的影响次之;因强降雨引发的泥石流对西北、西南地区铁路运行影响最大,西北地区大风的影响次之,西南地区塌方的影响次之。1981年和2013年是我国铁路气象及其衍生灾害的两个高发年,与大范围暴雨洪涝有关。每年6-8月是铁路气象及其衍生灾害的3个高发月,8月份灾害最多。西北、西南地区是铁路气象及其衍生灾害多发的两个区域,甘肃、陕西、四川、云南、新疆、辽宁是铁路气象及其衍生灾害多发的6个省份;陇海线甘肃境内、陇海线陕西境内、成昆线四川境内、东川线云南境内、宝成线陕西境内、兰新线新疆境内是铁路气象及其衍生灾害多发的6条线路区段,除陇海线陕西境内和兰新线新疆境内外,其余4条线路均以泥石流灾害为主。

Based on the data of 1037 meteorological and its derivative disasters in Chinese railway from 1950 to 2015, the types and spatial temporal characteristics of railway meteorological and its derivative disasters in China are analyzed. The results show： wind, snow, lightning, heavy rainfall and induced mountain torrents, landslides, debris flow, collapse and other derived disasters are the major disasters affecting Chinese railway operation, about 97.3% of all disasters. Heavy rainfall has the greatest impact on the railway operation in northeast, north, east and central China, wind has the second. The debris flow induced by heavy rainfall has the greatest impact on the railway operation in northwest and southwest of China, wind has the second in northwest, and collapse has the second in southwest. The year of 1981 and 2013 are the 2 high incidence years of meteorological and its derivative disasters in Chinese railway, related to the large scale rainstorm and flood. Every year June to August are the 3 high incidence months of railway meteorological and its derivative disasters, August is the highest. The northwest and southwest regions are the 2 high incidence areas of railway meteorological and its derivative disasters, while Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xinjiang and Liaoning are the 6 high incidence provinces of railway meteorological and its derivative disasters. Longhai railway in Gansu and Shaanxi territory, Chengkun railway in Sichuan territory, Dongchuan railway in Yunnan, Baocheng railway in Shaanxi, Lanxin railway in Xinjiang are the 6 high incidence railway sections of meteorological and its derivative disasters, while debris flow is the major disaster in 4 railways except Longhai Shaanxi and Lanzhou Xinjiang railway line.