乾隆朝“一口通商”政策出台原委析论

On the Introduction of Canton System during Qianlong Period

乾隆朝的"一口通商"海疆政策作为清政府禁止西洋人前往江、浙、闽三地贸易的禁令,既不是出于对西洋人和国人正常商业贸易的限制,亦非对粤、浙海关之间争利的解决方案。随着中外贸易发展,"奸民"常在,"夷商"时来,二者之间的经济交往甚至"相互勾结"已成常态,清政府对其防范亦与日俱增。清政府通过在广州设置官办或官管商办机构的方式以限制和减弱"民"与"夷"的接触,把西洋人的商业行为囿于粤省一地,其实质不过是清王朝面对西人东来、民夷交往过于频繁的无奈之举。

As a ban on westerners doing business in Fujian,Zhejiang and Jiangsu,the coastal territory policy of Canton System during Qianlong period is neither a restriction on the normal commercial trade between westerners and Chinese,nor a solution to the profit fight between Guangdong customs and Zhejiang customs. With the development of Sino-foreign trade,"villains"often existed and foreign businessmen often came. Gradually,the economic exchanges and even"collusion"became normal,so Qing government kept increasing precautions on them. Government-run or official-management agencies were set up in Guangzhou to restrict and weaken the contact between"civilians"and"foreigners",and limit the commercial activities of westerners to Guangdong province,which in essence is just a helpless action of the Qing regime when facing westerners coming and the frequent civilian-foreigner contact.