仁学的实践品格:《论语》中的工夫论

The Practical Character of Benevolence:The Theory of Gong Fu in the Analects

基于对人性向善的确信,《论语》中的工夫论主要体现在立己达人的求仁实践过程中。人在"学""克己复礼""敬""执两用中"等工夫中"立己",又通过"以心揆心""推扩"等工夫"达人"。就孔子自身的生命实践看,"志于学"章蕴含着其一生"修—悟—证"的成德工夫阶次,而顾宪成之所以判定其至五十而悟,乃因知了"天命"方可谓抵达己立人达的仁者之境。

Based on the conviction that human nature is good,the theory of Gong Fu in the Analects is mainly embodied in the benevolence-seeking practice of self-realization and realization of other humans. In the process of learning and respecting Gong Fu,such as denying ourselves and returning to propriety,holding the two and using the middle and so on,people realize themselves. Through heart-to-heart communication and expansion,people help others to realize themselves. In the view of Confucius＇ s own life practice,the chapter ＂ Principles for Learning＂ shows the Gong Fu order of practice-comprehension-verification in his lifetime. The reason why Gu Xiancheng judged that Confucius comprehended benevolence until the age of fifty is just because he reached the state of benevolence only after he understood the mandate of heaven.