山西历山山地草甸群落及种群格局

Spatial Patterns of the Communities and Populations in Lishan Mountain Meadow of Shanxi Province

依据野外调查数据,结合除趋势对应分析(DCA)和双项轨迹方差法(TTLQV),对山西历山山地草甸群落及其种群的分布格局进行研究。结果表明:(1)除样带4外,其他样带的群落与建群种的格局均表现出明显的大格局(600 cm);5条样带群落格局的变化与其建群种的格局变化是一致的,在一定程度上表明建群种的格局变化对群落的格局起着决定性的作用。(2)群落物种组成、结构以及功能的变化会导致同一物种在不同群落的分布格局不同。如东方草莓在样带2中主要呈现"单峰"的中格局,在样带3中表现为大、中尺度的"双峰"格局,而在样带4中表现为大、中和小尺度的"三峰"格局。(3)物种所处的地位不同,其形成的格局也会有所不同;等穗薹草在样带5中表现为大格局,而在样带4中的格局多样,大(540 cm)、中(430 cm)和小(110 cm)格局均有所体现。(4)随着海拔的升高,人为活动逐渐减少,车前在群落中出现的频率与盖度明显减少;从低海拔到高海拔,车前的格局分布依次表现为:大尺度的"聚集分布"、中小尺度的"聚集分布"、大尺度的"随机分布"、大中尺度的"随机分布"以及中小尺度的"随机分布"。车前的这种格局变化一方面与环境适应性有关,另一方面与人为活动的干扰有关。(5)DCA和TTLQV相结合,合理、客观地揭示历山山地草甸植物群落及种群的格局特征。因此,群落和种群的分布格局不仅与物种的生物学特性有关,还受物种组成、种间关系、环境因子以及人类活动的影响。

Based on the field investigation, the spatial patterns of the communities and populations were analyzed by DCA and two-term local quadrat variance （TTLQV） in Lishan Mountain Meadow of Shanxi Province. The spatial patterns of the communities and constructive species, except the fourth transect, formed the apparent large patterns （600 cm）. The community patterns were closely correlated with those of the constructive species. To a certain extent, the patterns changes of constructive species played the decisive role on the distribution patterns of communities. The distribution patterns of the same species changed in different communities due to the changes of composition, structure and the function of the communities. For example, the spatial patterns of Fragaria orientalis were the mesoscale “single-peak” pattern in the second transect, and the large-scale, and mesoscale “double-peak” pattern and the “triple-peak” pattern at the large-scale, mesoscale and small-scale in the third transect and the fourth transect, respectively. The spatial patterns of the populations were closely correlated with their status in the communities. For example, the spatial patterns of the Carex leucochlora had three patterns （540, 430 and 110 cm） in the fourth transect, and a large pattern （550 cm） in the fifth transect, respectively. The frequency and coverage of the Plantago asiatica reduced significantly with the reduction of human activities and the increase of altitude. The distribution patterns of P. asiatica showed an order of the large-scale “aggregation distribution”, mesoscale and small-scale “aggregation distribution”, large-scale “random distribution”, large-scale and mesoscale “random distribution” and mesoscale and small-scale “random distribution” with the reduction of human activities and the increase of altitude. The patterns changes of P. asiatica were related to environment adaptability and the intervention of human activities. The spatial pattern analysis of communities and populations could be reasonably and objectively revealed by DCA and TTLQV. The distribution patterns of communities and populations were not only related to the species biological characteristics, but also affected by the species composition, interspecific relationships, environmental factors and the impacts of human activities.