“公地悲剧”与“牛山之秃”——集体行动理论视域中的先秦儒家生态思想与实践研究

“Tragedy of the Commons” and “the Bald Niushan”——On Ecological Thought and Practice of Pre-Qin Confucianism from Perspective of Collective Action Theory

在哈丁的"公地悲剧"与奥尔森的集体行动理论视域中,如何摆脱搭便车的困境,促使每个行为主体的行动都沿着保护环境的轨道发展,这是环境治理必须直面的问题。"牛山之秃"是两千多年前中国版本的"公地悲剧",先秦儒家从"牛山之秃"的经验教训,总结出一条普遍性的哲学道理:保持生命系统生生不息的状态关键在于"养"。那么如何使社会成员的行动引导到"养"的轨道上?从集体行动理论的视角看,先秦儒家的生态理论与实践是以儒教信仰和生态仁学为生态集体行动的价值观基础,以"时"的道德律令的法治化为生态集体行动的刚性机制,以"与民同乐"为生态集体行动的执政理念。先秦儒家环境治理模式产生于农耕文明时代的宗法集体主义文化背景中,儒家建立起一套规约统治者的价值观体系,但是由于这一套价值观体系始终没有落实到制度层面,而是依靠道德修养来维系,这就使得这种规约的作用非常有限,无法有效防止统治者蜕变为牟取少数人利益的特殊利益集团,避免生态集体行动破产。

How to get rid of the free-rider dilemma in the perspective of Harding.s＂tragedy of the commons＂and Olsen.s collective action theory and promote the behavior of every subjective individual to follow the track of protecting the environment？It is the problem we must face in environmental governance.＂The bald Niushan＂ is the Chinese version of＂tragedy of the commons＂more than 2,000 years ago.Pre-Qin Confucians experienced＂the bald Niushan＂and summed up a universal philosophical principle：the key to maintaining the vitality of the living system is nurturing.Then how to guide the behavior of social members to the path of nurturing？From the perspective of collective action theory,the ecological theory and practice of pre-Qin Confucianism took Confucian beliefs and ecological benevolence as the values foundation,the legalization of moral rules as a rigid mechanism,the idea of＂sharing happiness with people＂as governing philosophy.The model of pre-Qin Confucian environmental governance originated from the patriarchal collectivism culture on ground of farming civilization.Confucians established a value system to restrict rulers.behaviors.But as this value system had never been implemented at the institutional level,and only reliedonmoralcultivation,theeffectwaslimited,anditwasimpossible to effectively prevent the ruler from degenerating into a privileged group seeking the interests of a small group of people,leading to the bankruptcy of ecological collective action.