庄子哲学中的“真人”与“真知”及其关系探微

Connotations of “True Man” and “True Knowing” and Their Relationship in Zhuangzi's Philosophy

作为庄子哲学的基本观念,"真人"与"真知"提示了一种理想的生命存在方式和知识探求方向。"真人"与道同在,实现了人的存在本性,因此能够在道的显现中不断敞开世界的本然状态,获得对世界的真实洞见。庄子"有真人而后有真知"的观念,一方面表明了"真人"对于"真知"的先在性,另一方面揭示了"真知"的内在依据及价值旨归。成为"真人",意味着回到人的存在本性、回到道。在庄子看来,首先要通过"外""忘""丧""心斋"等心性修养方式层层剥落现实经验世界的习性和观念对道的遮蔽以及对人的存在本性的扭曲和背离,在此基础上彰显"目击而道存""以神遇而不以目视""以天合天"等体道方式,实现向人的存在本性的复归。这一思想方式,对于我们今天的生存方式和知识探求,具有重要的启示意义。

＂True Man＂and ＂True Knowing＂are basic ideas in Zhuangzi＇s philosophy,which reveals an ideal way of man＇s existence as well as the ultimate goal of man＇s knowledge seeking.According to Zhuangzi,＂True Man＂,keeping the unity with Dao,realizes the true state of human existence.Therefore,he can continuously unveil the natural and true state of all things in the world and understand them as they are.Zhuangzi＇s idea of＂there are True Man prior to True Knowing＂not only illustrates the pre-existence of＂True Man＂,but also reveals the inherent basis and ultimate value of＂True Knowing＂.To be＂True Man＂means returning to human nature and living in the revelation of Dao.Zhuangzi thinks that habits,knowledge,ideas,concepts,and even some cultural values of our empirical world constantly shadow Dao,distorting and deviating from the real existence of human beings.Therefore,first of all,we must purify our internal spiritual world completely through ＂Wai＂,＂Wang＂,＂Sang＂,＂Xinzhai＂and other psychological cultivations so as to return to human nature,highlighting man＇s original ability and experience,such as＂witness and Dao remains＂,＂encounter with mental thought but not eyes＂,＂take heaven as heaven＂,etc.Only in this way can we obtain the real knowledge and true understanding of all things in the world,including human beings.Zhuangzi＇s thinking is a great inspiration for us to reflect and reexamin our way of living and knowing in the modern world.