《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》债权登记与受偿程序缺陷及制度重构

The flaws and system reconstruction of procedures for registering creditors' rights and payment of debt under the Special Maritime Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China

船舶拍卖价款与责任限制基金清偿,类似企业破产还债程序而又有所不同,也区别于财产执行参与分配。《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》第十章债权登记与受偿程序经过近20年的实践检验,在债权登记、债权确认与确权、受偿分配三个环节,都出现了不少争议,也暴露出许多问题。第十章的立法修改,应当以保证审判公正与效率为目标,从充分保障当事人诉讼权利出发,针对该程序设置上的一些制度性缺陷,借鉴企业破产法律制度,理顺与民事执行程序之间的关系,重构债权登记与受偿程序设置,包括引入管理人制度,强化债权人会议职能,取消一审终审制确权诉讼,设立先取特权制度,衔接破产程序,明确概括性程序的性质,使该程序真正能够公正高效地发挥作用。

Though with some discrepancies,the distribution of the proceeds of ship auction and limitation fund is similar to bankruptcy procedure of corporations,and is different from participation in the distribution of property execution. Chapter 10 of the Special Maritime Procedure Law of the People＇s Republic of China concerning registering creditors＇ rights and payment of debt referred to some legal regimes of corporate bankruptcy at the time when it was made. Through 20 years of practice,many disputes and troubles arose in three aspects,i. e.,registering creditors＇ rights,confirming creditors＇ rights and distributing the proceeds. The law reform of Chapter 10 shall aim to guarantee the justice and efficiency of trial,start from protecting the litigants＇ rights,focus on the system flaws of procedures,learn from the bankruptcy law system of corporate,sort out the relationship between it and civil execution and reconstruct the procedure of registering creditors＇ rights and payment of debt. The last one includes incorporating the system of custodian,reinforcing the function of creditors＇ conference,cancelling the confirmation action that the first trial is final,setting up the preempt system,connecting to bankruptcy procedure,and affirming the character of general procedure,so as to make this procedure play a just and efficient role.