无居民海岛旅游开发过程中的景观格局变化分析--以菩提岛为例

Analysis of landscape pattern changes on uninhabited island during tourism development process——case study of Puti Island

海岛是维护生态平衡、推进海洋经济的重要依托。但海岛生态系统脆弱,人类活动会对海岛尤其是无居民海岛的生态环境产生较大影响。为了研究如何在开发利用过程中科学地保护海岛,选取渤海区进行旅游娱乐开发的典型无居民海岛--菩提岛为研究区域,分别解译了2003年、2008年、2010年、2012年和2015年共5期菩提岛的遥感影像,应用景观生态学理论和方法,通过景观格局指数、转移矩阵、变化速率来分析菩提岛自旅游开发以来景观格局的动态变化特征。5个时期研究区域的景观格局指数显示:单个斑块面积减小,斑块的复杂性有所增加,斑块类型趋于分散,斑块类型的邻接度变化较大,香农多样性指数增大,景观多样性增加。综合景观时空变化与景观指数进行分析,人为干扰对研究区域的影响在2003-2010年期间持续增长,景观破碎化明显,2010年之后人为扰动逐渐减弱,进入海岛自然景观恢复时期,景观破碎有所改善。大规模的开发利用活动是导致菩提岛近年来景观格局变化的主要因素。无居民海岛开发利用应根据自身的资源优势和功能定位,按照海岛保护和利用规划来科学开展。

Islands are important support for maintaining marine ecological balance and promoting marine economic development. The ecosystem of islands is fragile, and human activities will have great impact on the ecological environment of islands, especially the uninhabited islands. In order to study how to scientifically protect the islands in the process of development and utilization, Puti Island in the Bohai Sea, an uninhabited island used for tourism, was taken as a typical example in this study. Employing theory and method of landscape ecology, five remote sensing images in 2003, 2008, 2010,2012 and 2015 were interpreted. Based on that, the dynamic changes of landscape type in Puti Island were analyzed through the landscape pattern index, transferring matrix, and changing speed. According to the landscape pattern index in the studying area during the five periods, the area of the single patch decreased, while the complexity increased, the types of patches scattered, and the interspersion index changed notably, and the landscape diversity increased, and the evenness changed unnoticeable, which indicated that from 2003 to 2010 the disturbances in this area continued increasing, and the landscape fragmentation increased with time. However, after 2010, the disturbances from human activities weakened and the landscape fragmentation decreased with the natural landscape recovering of Puti Island. Large-scale development and utilization activities were the main factors that have led to the change of landscape pattern in Puti Island in recent years. The development and utilization of uninhabited islands should be scientifically carried out under the guidance of island protection and utilization planning in accordance with their own resources and functions.