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3Ernest Sanders. Form and Content in the Finale of Beethoven' s Ninth Symphony [J]. Musical Quarterly 50, 1964.
4Robert Winter. Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 [M]. Santa Monica : The Voyager Company, 1991.
5Heinrich Schenker. Beethoven's ninth symphony: a portrayal of its musical content, with running commentary on performance and literature as well [ M]. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
