牛岛春子笔下日本女性的主体身份建构——以《祝廉天》和《张凤山》为考察对象

Construction of Female Identity in Novels by Ushijima Haruko——A Critical Study of A Man Named Zhu and Zhang Fengshan

《祝廉天》和《张凤山》两篇小说均是伪满时期"日系"女性作家牛岛春子的"满洲作品"代表作。两篇都是叙述在夹缝中生存的"满人",时间设定都是日本人副县长自上任至转任的一年,都通过日本人的视线描写了副县长的"满人"部下或男佣的命运,且作品中情节场景有多处相似。目前,对牛岛春子的作品研究大多在日本芥川赏候补作《祝廉天》上做文章,或与作者的共产主义政治体验相关联,或将其作为殖民地的民族问题来考察,鲜有将《祝廉天》与《张凤山》相联系作比较,关注创作的延续性并论述其视角变化的。从《祝廉天》到《张凤山》写作视角的变化,体现的正是殖民主义下处于支配地位的日本女性主体身份被建构的过程,尤其是《张凤山》中还揭露了被建构的女性支配者身份的不安定性。

By comparing the two novels A Man named Zhu and Zhang Fengshan written by Ushijima Haruko,this study examines how gender merges with colonialism by exploring the fluctuating subjectivity of a female ruler.In Ushijima Haruko’s Zhang Fengshan,the woman who holds a positive view on the colonial enterprises builds a relationship of trust with a boy from Manchuria which goes beyond the master-servant relationship inherent in the colonial situation.Even though there is a rearrangement of both the racial and gender system for the relationship between them,she is aware of her subordination to the male colonists and acknowledges her subordinated position.Her identity fissures when she enters into Manchukuo’s male society.There is a short-term attempt to deconstruct colonialism but it disappears soon.The dismissal of Zhang Fengshan suggests,on the one hand,the interracial relationships the woman has built can be easily broken by the confrontation with the male rulers,and on the other hand,the instability of feminine subject.