互文网络与文学空间的无限拓展——以《洛丽塔》为例

Intertextuality and Exploration into Boundless Literary Space Exemplified by Lolita

如果说互文性概念鼻祖巴赫金从文艺理论视角强调了互文对文学空间拓展的关联性美学意义的话,那么,后现代开拓者之一纳博科夫就从具体的文学作品视角向我们展示了如何利用互文网络拓展文学空间的无限可能,而其代表作《洛丽塔》精心编织的庞大互文网络完美诠释了巴赫金"对话主义"的诗性意义:其一,文体互文杂糅。作者将忏悔录、自传体、日记体、侦探小说、心理分析、意识流小说、童话故事、游记等文体熔于一炉,形成小说独特的艺术结构。其二,文本互文杂糅:作者依赖灵感的突袭,以引用、戏仿、重组、歪曲甚至捏造的方式,将上百位文学大师的诗文有机地融入特异新奇的新文本中。《洛丽塔》的互文网络有效形成两种"对话关系":第一,本文文本VS.前文本"对话关系":本文中蕴藏无数隐含文本,文本的诗性空间得到无限拓展;第二,作者VS.读者"对话关系":借助复杂文本中的无数"隐含作者"与"隐含文本",有效拓展读者的阅读想象空间。纳氏这种跨越文学时空的创新手段成功地将互文这种传统技术手段升华为具有文学本体性意义的美学手段。

Just as Bakhtin stresses the dialogic aesthetic effect exerted by intertextuality from the perspective of theoretic assertion,Nabokov explores how intertextuality can be employed to expand the literary space into infinity by means of literary works. For example,in Lolita,a novel with complex text and high density of poetic texture,an elaborate network of intertextuality is woven in two ways by Nabokov：firstly, by parodying various genres such as confessions, autobiography, diaries, mystery story,psychoanalysis,stream of consciousness,fairy tales and travel notes etc.,Nabokov manages to create his unique artistic form of Lolita. Secondly,with the help of his inspiration as if he were composing a long poem when creating this novel,by employing such means as allusions,citations,parody,pastiche or invention,Nabokov succeeds in integrating great lines or artistic patterns by scores of artistic masters into his own ＂poetic combination＂. Two forms of ＂dialogues＂are thus generated by the using of intertextuality in Lolita： one being the dialogue between the text of Lolita and those reference pretexts,which effectively enlarges the literary space in Lolita; the other being the dialogue between the author and the readers. By employing so many implied texts and implied authors in it,the writer challenges his readers and effectively inspires a boundless literary imagination in them until they can share aesthetic bliss with the creator.