不及物动词的作格化与及物性

Study on Ergativization and Transitivity of Intransitive Verbs

界定动词及物性的标准有两大类。一类基于表义功能,即是否与意志性和意图性有关;一类基于句法功能,即动词是否需要指派一个宾语论元才能完句。既然宾语除了受事宾语外,还可以有非受事宾语(结果宾语、工具宾语、对象宾语和处所宾语等等)、施事宾语和当事宾语,那么动词的"及物性"实际上应该是指派论元的句法功能。因此,凡是没有宾语共现便不能完句的动词都可以看作及物动词。非宾格不及物动词的作格化,即非宾格不及物动词要求宾语共现的最大动机是为了让受事紧贴动词,在句法上成为真正的域内论元,以此让域外论元更加容易地出现在句中,成为域内论元和动词的叙述对象。

There are two major categories of standards that define the transitivity of verbs. One type is based on the semantic function, that is, whether it is related to the will and intent; one type is based on the syntactic function, that is, whether the verb needs to assign an object argument to complete the sentence. In addition to patient objects, there are non-patient objects（the result object, the instrumental object, the object and the local object, etc.）, the agent object and the party object, in addition to the subject, so the verb＇s transitivity should actually be the syntactic function of assigned argument. Therefore, all verbs that cannot be completed without objects co-occurrence can be regarded as transitive verbs. The maximization of non-objective intransitive verbs, that is, non-accusative intransitive verbs requiring the co-occurrence of objects, is to allow the subject to cling to the verb and become syntactically a real intra-domain argument, thus allowing extra-territory more easily present in sentences and become narration objects for arguments and verbs within the domain.